Super heavy tank K-Wagen
Model tank K-Wagen, kumberi kwekuona. Iyo dome yeshongwe yevaviri vanotarisa artillery inoonekwa padenga, ichiwedzera kupera simba pombi kubva kumainjini maviri.
Zvinoita sekunge nguva yematangi makuru uye anorema kwazvo munhoroondo yakabatana nenguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri - ipapo muTatu Reich, mapurojekiti akagadziridzwa emota dzinoverengeka dzakateedzerwa dzinorema matani anopfuura zana kana kupfuura, uye zvimwe zvakatoitwa (E-100, Maus, nezvimwewo .d.). Zvisinei, kazhinji kusingatarisirwi kuti maGermany akatanga kushanda pamatangi ane maitiro aya panguva yeHondo Huru, nguva pfupi mushure mekutanga kwemhando iyi yezvombo panhandare yehondo kudivi reAllied. Mhedzisiro yekuedza kweinjiniya yaive K-Wagen, tangi hombe uye rinorema kwazvo reHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.
Apo maGermany akatanga kusangana nematangi kuWestern Front munaSeptember 1916, chombo chitsva chakamutsa manzwiro maviri anopikisana: kutya uye kuyemura. Zvingaita sekuti michina isingamisiki yaiita semasoja ehumambo nevatungamiriri vairwa pamberi sechombo chinotyisa, kunyangwe pakutanga vezvenhau veGerman uye mamwe maofficial vakuru vakaita sevanozvidza kuumbwa. Nekudaro, iyo isina kurongeka, yekusaremekedza maitiro akakurumidza kutsiviwa nekuverenga chaiko uye kuongororwa kwakadzikama kwekugona kwemotokari dzehondo dzakateedzerwa, izvo zvakakonzera kubuda kwekufarira kubva kuGerman High Command yeGround Forces (Oberste Heersleitung - OHL). uyo aida kuva neakaenzana nemauto eBritain mudura rake rezvombo.
Model K-Wagen, panguva ino kubva kumashure.
Kuedza kweGerman kugadzira matangi ekutanga kwakapera (tisingaverenge magadzirirwo engoro dzakasiiwa pamabhodhi ekudhirowa) nekuvakwa kwemota mbiri: iyo A7V uye Leichter Kampfwagen shanduro I, II uye III (vamwe vanyori venhoroondo uye vanofarira zvechiuto vanoti kuvandudzwa kweLK III kwakamira padanho rekugadzira) . Muchina wekutanga - unofamba zvishoma nezvishoma, usinganyanyi kufambiswa, wakagadzirwa muhuwandu hwemakopi makumi maviri chete - wakakwanisa kupinda mubasa uye kutora chikamu mukurwisana, asi kusagutsikana kwakawanda nekugadzirwa kwayo kwakatungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti kugadzirwa kwemuchina kwakasiiwa zvachose. muna February 1918. Kunyanya kuvimbisa, kunyange nekuda kwehunhu hwakanakisa, kunyangwe husina zvikanganiso, dhizaini yekuyedza yakaramba iripo. Kusakwanisa kupa mauto eGerman akasika mauto ane matangi anogadzirwa mudzimba kwaireva kukosha kwekupa zvigaro zvavo nemidziyo yakatorwa. Mauto ehondo yehumambo "akavhima" zvakanyanya mota dzevabatsiri, asi pasina kubudirira kukuru. Yekutanga serviceable tank (Mk IV) yakatorwa chete mangwanani emusi waNovember 24, 1917 muFontaine-Notre-Dame mushure mekuvhiyiwa kwakaitwa neboka rinotungamirwa necorporal (asina kutumwa mukuru) Fritz Leu kubva kuArmee Kraftwagen Park 2 ( hongu, zuva iri risati rasvika, maGermany akakwanisa kuwana imwe nhamba yematangi eBritish, asi akakuvadzwa kana kukuvadzwa zvakanyanya zvokuti haana kuzviisa pasi pekugadzirisa uye kushandiswa kwekurwisana). Mushure mekupera kwekurwira kwaCambrai, makumi manomwe nerimwe mamwe matangi eBritish mumamiriro akasiyana ehunyanzvi akawira mumaoko evaGerman, kunyangwe kukuvadzwa kwemakumi matatu avo kwaive kwepamusoro zvekuti kugadzirisa kwavo kwaisava dambudziko. Nenguva isipi nhamba yemotokari dzeBritish dzakabatwa dzakasvika pamwero wekuti vakakwanisa kuronga uye kugadzirira mauto akawanda ematangi, ayo akazoshandiswa muhondo.
Mukuwedzera kune matangi ataurwa pamusoro apa, maGermany akakwanisawo kupedza anenge 85-90% emakopi maviri etangi reK-Wagen (Colossal-Wagen) rairema matani zana nemakumi mashanu (rimwe zita rinozivikanwa, semuenzaniso, Grosskampfwagen), iro raive zvisingaenzaniswi muhukuru nehuremu Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri isati yasvika.
Model K-Wagen, yekurudyi yekuona nedivi nacelle yakaiswa.
Model K-Wagen, yekurudyi yekuona nedivi nacelle yakabviswa.
Nhoroondo yetangi rezita ingangove isinganzwisisike pane ese aisanganisirwa neGerman akateedzerwa mota dzehondo panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Nepo madzinza emota dzakaita seA7V, LK II/II/III kana kunyange iyo isina kumbobvira yavakwa Sturm-Panzerwagen Oberschlesien inogona kurowedzerwa zvine hungwaru nekuda kwekusara kwezvinhu zvakachengetwa uye akati wandei ezvinyorwa zvakakosha, muchiitiko chechimiro isu. vanofarira, zvakaoma . Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kurongeka kwekugadzirwa kweK-Wagen kwakaiswa neOHL musi waMarch 31, 1917 nenyanzvi dzebazi remauto re7th Department of Transport (Abteilung 7. Verkehrswesen). Izvo zvakagadzirirwa zvehunyanzvi uye zvehunyanzvi zvinodiwa zvinofungidzira kuti mota yakagadzirwa yaizogamuchira nhumbi dzokurwa kubva pa10 kusvika 30 mm gobvu, inokwanisa kukurira migero inosvika 4 m yakafara, uye chombo chayo chikuru chinofanira kunge chine imwe kana maviri SK / L. 50 pfuti, uye chombo chekudzivirira chaifanira kuve nepfuti ina dzemuchina. Mukuwedzera, mukana wekuisa mazhenje emoto "mubhodhi" wakasiiwa kuti utariswe. Zvakanga zvakarongwa kuti giravhiti chaiyo yekumanikidza kunoitwa pasi kwaizova 0,5 kg / cm2, dhiraivha yaizoitwa neinjini mbiri dze200 hp imwe neimwe, uye giya bhokisi raizopa magiya matatu kumberi uye rimwe reverse. Maererano nekufanotaura, vashandi vemotokari vaifanira kunge vari vanhu 18, uye uwandu hunofanira kuchinja kusvika matani zana. Mutengo wemotokari imwe waifungidzirwa pa100 mamakisi, iyo yaive mutengo wenyeredzi, kunyanya tichifunga nezvekuti imwe LK II inodhura munharaunda ye500-000 mamakisi. Kana uchinyora matambudziko anogona kumuka nekuda kwekudiwa kwekutakura mota kureba, kushandiswa kweiyo modular dhizaini kwaifungidzirwa - kunyangwe huwandu hwezvakazvimirira zvimiro zvimiro zvisina kutaurwa, zvaidiwa kuti mumwe nemumwe wavo aite. huremu husingadarike matani makumi matatu. Iwo mazwi ekunongedza aiita seasina musoro kuWar Ministry (Kriegsministerium) zvekuti pakutanga yakaramba kuratidza kutsigira pfungwa yekuvaka mota, asi nekukurumidza yakachinja pfungwa dzayo maererano nenhau dzekubudirira kuri kukura kweAllied. motokari dzehondo. motokari kubva mberi.
Maitiro ekuita kwemuchina, panguva iyoyo asina kujairika uye asina kumboitika panguva iyoyo, achiyerera ne megalomania, zvino anomutsa mubvunzo une musoro nezvechinangwa chayo. Parizvino, zvinotendwa nevakawanda, pamwe nekufananidza nemapurojekiti eR.1000 / 1500 vatyairi vepasi veHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, kuti maGerman aida kushandisa maK-Vagens se "nhare dzenhare", achivaraira kuti vashande. nzvimbo dzine ngozi zvikuru pamberi. Kubva pamaonero ane musoro, maonero aya anoita seakarurama, asi nyaya dzaMambo Wilhelm II dzinoita kunge dzakadziona sechombo chinogumbura. Kusvika pamwero wakati, tsananguro iyi inosimbiswa nekuti muzhizha ra1918 zita rekuti Sturmkraftwagen schwerster Bauart (K-Wagen) rakashandiswa kune tachanka kamwechete, izvo zvinoratidza pachena kuti rakanga risingatariswe seanodzivirira chete. chombo.
Pasinei nezvido zvavo zvakanakisisa, vashandi veAbteilung 7. Verkehrswesen vakanga vasina ruzivo rwekugadzira tangi yakagadzwa neOHL, saka hutungamiri hwedhipatimendi hwakasarudza "kuhaya" mumwe munhu kunze kwechinangwa ichi. Muzvinyorwa, kunyanya mune yekare, pane pfungwa yokuti sarudzo yakawira pana Josef Vollmer, injiniya anotungamira weGermany Automobile Construction Society, uyo atova muna 1916, nekuda kwebasa rake paA7V, akazozivikanwa semugadziri. nechiono chakanaka. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuti titaure kuti mamwe mabhuku akazotevera ane ruzivo rwekuti kuedza kwakakosha mukugadzirwa kweK-Wagen kwakaitwawo na: mukuru wezvifambiso zvemumigwagwa (Chef des Kraftfahrwesens-Chefkraft), kaputeni (Hauptmann) Wegner (Wegener?) uye mukuru asingazivikanwe Muller. Parizvino, hazvibviri kusimbisa pasina mubvunzo kana izvi zvaive izvo chaizvo.
7,7 cm Sockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz pfuti, chombo chikuru cheGrosskampfagen super-heavy tank
Musi waChikumi 28, 1917, Dhipatimendi reHondo rakaisa odha yemaK-Wagens gumi. Zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvakagadzirwa paRiebe-Kugellager-Werken chirimwa muBerlin-Weissensee. Ikoko, munguva ichangopfuura muna July 1918, kuvakwa kwematangi maviri ekutanga kwakatanga, iyo yakakanganiswa nekuguma kwehondo (maererano nemamwe mabhuku, kuvakwa kweprototypes maviri kwakapedzwa musi waSeptember 12, 1918). Zvichida kuungana kwengoro kwakavhiringidzwa zvishoma kare, sezvo musi waOctober 23, 1918 zvakanzi K-Wagen yakanga isiri mukuda kweImperial Army, uye naizvozvo kugadzirwa kwayo kwakanga kusina kubatanidzwa muurongwa hwekuvakwa kwehondo. mota dzakateedzerwa (nezita rekushanda Großen Programm). Mushure mekusainwa kweChibvumirano cheVersailles, matangi ese aive pachirimwa aifanira kuraswa nemubatanidzwa wekomisheni.
Ongororo yezvinyorwa zvekugadzira, mapikicha emhando dzakagadzirwa, uye chete foto yekuchengetera yeiyo isina kupera K-Wagen yakamira mumusangano wekugadzira weRiebe inotibvumira kugumisa kuti zvekutanga zvehunyanzvi uye zvehunyanzvi zvinodiwa zvakangoratidzwa zvishoma mumotokari. Kuchinja kwakawanda kwakaitika, kubva pakutsiva injini dzepakutanga nedzine simba rakawanda, kuburikidza nekusimbisa zvombo (kubva papfuti mbiri kusvika ina uye kubva kuchina kusvika kune manomwe pfuti) uye kupera nekukora kwezvombo. Vakaita kuti kurema kwetangi kuwedzere (kusvika kumatani zana nemakumi mashanu) uye mutengo weyuniti (kusvika 150 mamaki patangi). Nekudaro, iyo postulate ye modular chimiro chakagadzirirwa kufambisira kutakura chakaitwa; tangi yaisanganisira zvinenge zvina zvinhu zvikuru - i.e. giya rekumhara, fuselage uye maviri enjini nacelles (Erkern).
Panguva ino, panogona kunge paine tsime reruzivo rwekuti K-Wagen yairema "chete" matani 120. Huremu uhwu hungangodaro hwakakonzerwa nekuwanza huwandu hwezvikamu nehukuru hwazvo (uye hwakabvumidzwa nezvirevo) huremu.
7,7 cm Sockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz pfuti, chombo chikuru cheGrosskampfagen super-heavy tank chikamu 2
Kupatsanura uku kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuparadzanisa mota muzvikamu (izvo zvakaitwa necrane) nekuzvitakura mumotokari dzenjanji. Yasvika pachiteshi chokuburutsa, ngoro yacho yaifanira kuunganidzwa zvakare (uyewo nerubatsiro rwekireni) yoendeswa kuhondo. Saka, kunyangwe iyo nzira yekutakura iyo K-Wagen ichiita senge yagadziriswa, mubvunzo unoramba uripo, nzira yayo yekumberi yaizotaridzika sei kana zvikaitika kuti yaizokunda, semuenzaniso, makiromita gumi mumunda. pasi pesimba rayo uye nenzira yaro pachayo?
Tsanangudzo yehunyanzvi
Zvinoenderana neyakajairwa dhizaini maitiro, iyo K-Wagen yaive nezvinhu zvinotevera: giya rekumhara, fuselage uye maviri einjini nacelles.
Pfungwa yekuvaka iyo undercarriage yetangi mune akajairika mazwi akafanana neaMk. IV, inowanzozivikanwa sedhaimani-yakaumbwa. Chikamu chikuru chemufambisi wegonye chaiva ngoro makumi matatu nenomwe. Ngoro imwe neimwe yaive nehurefu hwemasendimita makumi manomwe nesere uye yaive nemavhiri mana (maviri parutivi rumwe norumwe), ayo aifamba mumikoto yakaiswa munzvimbo iri pakati pemarata ezvombo aiumba furemu yemotokari. Indiro yesimbi ine mazino yakasungirirwa kudivi rekunze (yakatarisana nepasi) yengoro, kuvhunduka-kubatwa nezvitubu zvakamira (kumisa), iyo yakanamirwa chinongedzo chegonye (chibatanidza chekubatanidza chakaparadzaniswa kubva kune chiri pedyo. ) Ngoro dzaifambiswa nemavhiri maviri ekutyaira ari kumashure kwetangi, asi hazvizivikanwe kuti kuita kwekuita uku kwakataridzika sei kubva kudivi rehunyanzvi (kinematic link).
Schematic inoratidza kupatsanurwa kweK-Wagen hull.
Mutumbi wemuchina wakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina. Kumberi kwaive nekamuri yekutungamirira ine zvigaro zvevatyairi vaviri uye nzvimbo dzepfuti yemuchina (ona pazasi). Inotevera yaive imba yekurwira, iyo yaigara nhumbi huru yetangi muchimiro chepfuti ina 7,7-cm yeSockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz, iri maviri maviri mune maviri einjini nacelles akaiswa pamativi emotokari, imwe kune rumwe rutivi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pfuti idzi dzaive shanduro yakasimbiswa yeinoshandiswa zvakanyanya 7,7 cm FK 96, nekuda kwekuti vaive nediki, 400 mm chete, kudzoka. Pfuti imwe neimwe yaishandiswa nevarwi vatatu, uye mabara aiva mukati aiva maraundi 200 papfuti imwe neimwe. Tangi racho raivawo nepfuti nomwe, nhatu dzacho dzakanga dziri pamberi pekamuri rokudzora (nemasoja maviri) uye dzimwe ina mumanacelles einjini (mbiri kurutivi rumwe norumwe; imwe, ine miseve miviri, yakaiswa pakati pepfuti, uye imwe yacho. pamagumo egondola, pedyo neine injini bay). Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheurefu hwekamuri rekurwira (kuverenga kubva kumberi) kwaive nzvimbo dzevaviri vezvombo zvepfuti, vachiongorora nzvimbo yakapoteredza vachitsvaga vavariro kubva kune yakakosha turret yakaiswa padenga. Shure kwadzo kwakanga kune nzvimbo yomukuru wavarwi, uyo aitarisira basa reboka rose. Muchikamu chinotevera mumutsara, injini dzemotokari mbiri dzakaiswa, dzaidzorwa nemakanika maviri. Hapana kubvumirana kwakakwana mumabhuku panyaya iyi kuti mapropulsor aya aive rudzii nesimba. Ruzivo rwakanyanya nderekuti K-Wagen yaive nemainjini endege maviri eDaimler ane simba re600 hp imwe neimwe. mumwe nomumwe. Imba yekupedzisira (Getriebe-Raum) yaive nezvinhu zvese zvekufambiswa kwemagetsi. Huma yehull yakadzivirirwa ne40-mm nhumbi dzokurwa, iyo yainyatsove ine mahwendefa maviri e20-mm ezvombo akaiswa pane chinhambwe kubva kune mumwe. Mativi (uye zvichida kumashure) akanga akafukidzwa nezvombo 30 mm gobvu, uye sirin'i - 20 mm.
Summation
Kana iwe ukatarisa chiitiko cheHondo Yenyika II, ipapo matangi eGermany anorema matani zana kana kupfuura akazova, kutaura zvinyoro, kusanzwisisa. Muenzaniso ndewe Mouse tank. Kunyangwe yakanyatso shongedzerwa uye yakashongedzerwa nezvombo, asi maererano nekufamba uye kufamba, yaive yakaderera kune yakareruka zvivakwa, uye semhedzisiro, dai isina kuvharidzirwa nemuvengi, ingadai yakave yakagadzirwa nemasikirwo, nekuti madhamu. nharaunda kana chikomo chisingaonekwi chingave kwaari kusandura kusingaite. Iyo yakaoma dhizaini haina kuita kuti serial kugadzirwa kana kugadzirisa mumunda, uye hukuru hukuru hwaive bvunzo chaiyo yemasevhisi ekugadzirisa, nekuti kutakura colossus yakadaro, kunyangwe kwechinhambwe chipfupi, chaidiwa pamusoro-avhareji zviwanikwa. Denga rakatetepa-dete raireva kuti nepo mahwendefa akakora aidzivirira huma, mativi uye turret zvinotendwa zvaipa dziviriro yenguva refu kubva kune akawanda anti-tank pfuti kutenderera panguva iyoyo, mota yaisadzivirirwa kubva kumoto wemuchadenga chero roketi kana flashbomb. kwaizomutyisidzira.
Pamwe zvese zviri pamusoro zvikanganiso zveMaus, izvo zvaive zvakawandisa, zvaizonetsa K-Wagen kana ikakwanisa kupinda musevhisi (iyo modular dhizaini chete zvishoma kana kuita senge inogadzirisa dambudziko rekutakura muchina). Kuti amuparadze, aisatombofanira kuvhura ndege (chaizvoizvo, yaizoisa tyisidziro isingakoshi kwaari, nekuti panguva yeHondo Huru zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kugadzira ndege inokwanisa kurova zvibodzwa zvidiki-saizi), nokuti nhumbi dzake dzokurwa nadzo dzakanga dziri duku zvokuti dzaigona kubviswa nepfuti yomumunda, uyezve, dzakanga dziri dzepakati nepakati. Saka, pane zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti K-Wagen haizombofi yakabudirira munhandare yehondo, zvisinei, kuitarisa kubva kudivi renhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwemotokari dzehondo, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti zvechokwadi yaive motokari inofadza, inomiririra. neimwe nzira isingaremi - kwete kutaura - zero kukosha kwekurwisa utility.
