Submarine tactics muHondo yeAtlantic 1939-1945. chikamu 2
German "Mhou Mukaka" (rudzi XIV) - U 464 - kubva 1942, muAtlantic, achipa dzimwe submarines nemafuta, torpedoes uye zvokudya.
Kujoinha hondo yeUnited States zvakanyanya kuchinja mufananidzo weHondo yeAtlantic. Ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzeGerman muhafu yekutanga ya1942 dzakabudirira zvakanyanya kubva kumahombekombe eAmerica, dzichitora mukana wekusaziva kwevaAmerica mukurwisa mabhoti eU. Mumakwikwi ehondo pakati peAtlantic, zvisinei, "Grey Wolves" yakanga isiri nyore. Tichifunga nezvekukura kwesimba rekuperekedza, uye kuparadzirwa kwema radar ari nani uye ari nani akaiswa pamusoro pezvikepe zvepasi uye ndege dzeAllied, zvaive zvakafanira kushandura maitiro mukurwisa makonikoni.
Nechekare pakati paDecember 1941, Dönitz akagadzira chirongwa chekutanga kurwisa chikepe cheU-kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweUnited States neCanada. Aitarisira kuti maAmerica akanga asina ruzivo rwekurwisa ngarava dzake uye kuti Type IX submarines dzakatumirwa kumvura idzi dzaizobudirira. Zvakazoitika kuti akanga akarurama, asi zvingadai zvisina kudaro, nokuti kusvika pakupera kwaJanuary 1942, British cryptologists yakatevera kufamba kweGermany U-bhoti mugungwa. Vakanyevera murairo weAmerica pamusoro pekurwiswa kwakarongwa nemaGermany, kunyange kutaura nguva uye kupi kwainofanira kutarisirwa uye izvo zvikepe zveGermany zvaizotora chikamu mairi.
HMS Hesperus - mumwe wevaparadzi veBritish vakarwa muAtlantic neGerman submarines.
Zvakadaro, Admiral Ernest King anoona nezvekudzivirirwa kwenzvimbo iyi aidada zvakanyanya kubvunza maBritish ane ruzivo zvakanyanya nzira yekuzvidzivirira zvakanyanya nemabhoti eU mumvura isina kudzika yemahombekombe. Kutaura zvazviri, vari pasi paMambo hapana chavakaita chaigona kutadzisa maGermany kurwisa pedyo nezviteshi zvezvikepe zveAmerica zvinokosha, kunyange zvazvo vakanga vane mwedzi wokuita kudaro kubvira pakatanga hondo.
Kwakanga kuchibvira kumisikidza minda yezvimbambaira nenzira yokuti migodhi yaizova nengozi bedzi nokuda kweU-Boats, inoiswa pahupamhi hwemamita 15 uye pasi, apo ngarava dzaizopfuura zvakakotsekana pamusoro padzo. King aigona zvakare kutaura kuti chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevaparadzi varipo vanofanira kupihwa basa rekuperekedza convoys yemahombekombe1, nekuti mushure mekusiya zviteshi, mapoka ezvikepe aifanira kuumbwa munzvimbo dzine njodzi zvakanyanya (kunyanya padyo nechiteshi) pamhenderekedzo uye. kupihwa kwavari nechivharo chemuparadzi kana chimwe chikwata chekurinda.pamwe nekupa chivharo chekupfuura kwemakoniyumu aya nendege imwechete. Mabhoti eU aifanira kurwisa mumvura idzi ega uye ari kure kure kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, saka kudzivirira kwakadaro chete kwaigona kuderedza zvakanyanya kurasikirwa. Nehurombo, pakatanga kuvhiyiwa kweGerman, zvikepe zvakasimuka kuenda kumvura yemahombekombe ega uye maU-Boats aikwanisa kuanyudza kunyangwe nea-artillery mushure mekubatwa. Ikoko kwakanga kusinawo hanya pamhenderekedzo yeAmerica (uye muzviteshi pachazvo) kuunza kudzima, izvo zvakazoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vatungamiri vezvikepe zveU-boat varwise usiku, nokuti zvikepe zvaigona kunyatsoona zviedza zvemahombekombe. Uye ndege shoma dzaiwanikwa kuAmerica (pakutanga 100) dzakanga dzisina kana kugadzirirwa mari yakadzama panguva iyoyo!
Naizvozvo, ngarava shanu dzepasi pemvura dzerudzi IX (U 123, U 66, U 109, U 130 uye U 125) dzakasangana nechero dzisimbe apo, muna Ndira 14, 1942, mvura yeCanada kubva kumahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba kweNova Scotia uye pedyo neCape Breton Island. , uko ngarava shoma dzeCanada nendege dzakarwisa zvinotyisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutanga kweOperation Paukenschlag kwakabudirira zvikuru kumaGermany. Vakanyura zvachose 2 zvikepe ane simba 23 150 GRT uye kukuvadza 510 zvimwe (2 15 GRT) pasina kutambura kurasikirwa pachavo. Dönitz, achiziva zvino kuti zvikepe zvake zvaizove zvisina kurangwa mumvura idzi kwenguva, akaronga "mafungu" matsva, kureva mapoka matsva uye makuru eU-boats, achienderera mberi nezviito zvinobudirira (apo boka rimwe rakadzokera kumabhesi eFrance mushure mekumhanya. kunze kwehuni uye torpedoes, paifanira kuvatsiva). Masikati, zvikepe zveU-zvikepe zvakadzika kusvika pakadzika kwemamita 192 kusvika ku45 uye zvakarara pasi pegungwa makiromita mashomanana kubva kumigwagwa yengarava, zvichidzoka usiku, zvichienderera mberi nekurwisa. Kuedza kurwisa zvikepe zveAmerica muchikamu chekutanga cha135 kwakashaya basa. Vaifamba-famba munzvimbo dzakatarwa dzemhenderekedzo yegungwa vari voga nenguva dzose zvokuti vatungamiriri vezvikepe zveU-boat vakaisa wachi dzavo maererano nadzo uye vaigona kudzivisa kurwisana nadzo nyore nyore, kana kuti vaigona kurwisa ngarava yapamusoro yakanga ichiswedera ivo vamene. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo muparadzi USS Jacob Jones akanyudzwa, akaputirwa musi waFebruary 1942, 28 neGerman submarine U 1942.
Muchikamu chekutanga che1942, U-Boats yakanyura zvikamu zve 203 zvine simba re 1 GRT mumvura yose, uye maGermany akarasikirwa nengarava gumi nemaviri. Vaviri vavo (U 133 neU 777) vakanyudza ndege nevashandi vekuAmerica muna Kurume. Kune rumwe rutivi, muparadzi USS Roper akanyudza chikepe chokutanga cheU-12 pedyo neNorth Carolina musi waApril 656, 503. MaBritish, pakutanga akatyiswa nokushayikwa kwounyanzvi hwevaAmerica mukudzivirira East Coast yavo, pakupedzisira akavatumira. rubatsiro muna Kurume 85 muchimiro che14 corvettes uye 1942 trawlers, kunyangwe ivo vaida zvikepe izvi pachavo. Admiral King akazonyengetedzwa kuti atange makonikoni pakati peNew York neHalifax uye pakati peKey West neNorfolk. Migumisiro yacho yakauya nokukurumidza zvikuru. Kunyura kwengarava kwakadzikira kubva 1942 muna Kubvumbi kusvika 10 muna Chivabvu uye zero muna Chikunguru. Zvikepe zveU zvakatamira kumvura yeGulf yeMexico uye kumhenderekedzo yeSouth America neCaribbean nzvimbo, ichiitumidza kuti "U-boat paradise" nokuti vakanga vachiri kubudirira zvikuru ikoko. Muchikamu chechipiri chegore ra24, ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzeGermany dzakanyura mayunitsi mazana matatu nemakumi maviri nemasere ane huwandu hwe24 GRT munzvimbo dzese dzeAtlantic nemakungwa ari pedyo. 5 mabhoti eU akanyura muhondo, kusanganisira maviri mumvura yeAmerica.
Muchikamu chechipiri cha1942, kurwiswa kwechikepe cheU-kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweAmerican kwakaenderera mberi, uye maGerman akakwanisa kuwedzera mashandiro avo egungwa panguva iyi, sezvavakawana kugona kuwedzera mafuta, torpedoes uye chikafu kubva kune submarine mhando XIV, inozivikanwa se "Mhou dzomukaka". Zvakangodaro, kudzivirira kwevaAmerica kubva kumahombekombe avo kwakasimbiswa zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyanya simba rekufamba kwendege uye kurasikirwa kwevaGerman kwakatanga kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, sezvakaita maoparesheni muAtlantic, kunyanya muhondo dzakananga.
