Jet fighter Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet chikamu 1
Me 163 B-1a, W.Nr. 191095; IUnited States National Air Force Museum paWright-Patterson AFB pedyo neDayton, Ohio.
Iyo Me 163 ndiyo yaive yekutanga kurwa ine missile-powered fighter muHondo Yenyika II. Kurwisa kwezuva nezuva kwakaitwa nemabhomba anorema einjini ina eAmerica zvakaparadza nenzira yakarongeka nzvimbo dzose dziri mbiri dzeindasitiri dzeGermany kare pakati pa1943, uyewo, sorutivi rwedenho yamagandanga, vakaparadza maguta muReich, vachiuraya makumi ezviuru zvavagari vemo, izvo zvaifanira kupaza. tsika yenyika. Kubatsira kwezvinhu zveAmerican aviation kwaive kwakakura zvekuti murairo weLuftwaffe wakaona mukana wega wekukunda dambudziko uye kumisa kurwiswa kwemhepo uchishandisa nzira dzisiri dzekudzivirira. Huwandu hwaifanira kuenzaniswa nemhando. Nokudaro pfungwa dzekushandura mauto ehondo kuita jet uye ndege dzemissile, izvo, nekuda kwekuita kwepamusoro, kwaive kudzoreredza kutonga kwemhepo yeLuftwaffe pamusoro penzvimbo yavo yekumba.
Iyo genesis yeMe 163 murwi inodzokera kumashure kuma20s. Muvaki wechidiki, Aleksander Martin Lippisch, akaberekwa munaNovember 2, 1898 muMünchen (Munich), muna 1925 akatora hutungamiri hwekambani yeRhön-Rositten-Gesellschaft (RRG, Rhön-Rositten Society) yakavakirwa paWasserkuppe ndokutanga basa kuvandudzwa kwema glider asina muswe .
Yekutanga AM Lippisch gliders yaive yekuvaka kubva kuStorch series (stork), Storch I kubva 1927, panguva yekuedzwa, muna 1929, injini yeDKW ine simba re8 HP yakagamuchirwa. Imwewo inobhururuka, Storch II yaive yakaderedzwa pasi musiyano weStorch I, nepo Storch III yaive ine zvigaro zviviri, yakabhururuka muna 125, Storch IV yaive vhezheni yemotori yeyakatangira, uye Storch V yaive yakagadziridzwa musiyano we. iyo ine chigaro chimwe chete yakaita ndege yayo yekutanga muna 125.
Zvichakadaro, muhafu yechipiri yema20, kufarira kwerocket propulsion kwakawedzera muGermany. Mumwe wemapiyona enzvimbo itsva yemagetsi aive mugadziri wemotokari ane mukurumbira Fritz von Opel, akatanga kutsigira Verein für Raumschifffahrt (VfR, Society for Spacecraft Travel). Mukuru weVfR aive Max Valier, uye muvambi wesosaiti aive Hermann Oberth. Pakutanga, nhengo dzesosaiti dzaitenda kuti mafuta emvura angave akanyanya kukodzera kufambiswa kwemainjini eroketi, kusiyana nevamwe vaongorori vazhinji vaifarira mafuta akasimba kuti ave nyore kushandisa. Zvichakadaro, Max Valier akasarudza kuti, nezvinangwa zvekuparadzira, munhu anofanira kubatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwendege, mota, kana imwe nzira yekufambisa iyo inofambiswa neinjini yakasimba yeroketi.
Kubudirira kwekutanga kweDelta 1 ndege kwakaitika muzhizha ra1931.
Max Valier naAlexander Sander, pyrotechnician anobva kuWarnemünde, vakagadzira mhando mbiri dzemaroketi epfuti, yekutanga nekupisa nekukurumidza kupa kukurumidza kwekutanga kunodiwa pakusimuka, uye yechipiri nekupisa kunononoka kunokwana kutiza rwendo rurefu.
Sezvo, maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, airframe yakanakisa yaigona kugamuchira rocket propulsion yaive isina muswe, muna Chivabvu 1928 Max Valier naFritz von Opel vakasangana muchivande naAlexander Lippisch paWasserkuppe kuti vakurukure mukana wekuyedzwa mundege kwechimurenga chitsva. propulsion power source. Lippisch akafunga kukwidza rocket motors mune yake isina muswe Ente (dhadha) glider, yaaive achigadzira panguva imwe chete neStorch glider.
Musi waChikumi 11, 1928, Fritz Stamer akaita rwendo rwekutanga kubhururuka kweEnte glider aine maroketi maviri eSander e20 kg imwe neimwe. Iyo inofambisa yakasimuka nekatsi yaive netambo dzerabha. Kubhururuka kwekutanga kwakatora masekonzi 35. Mundege yechipiri, mushure mekutangisa maroketi, Stamer yakaita 180 ° kutendeuka uye yakavhara chinhambwe che 1200 m mumasekonzi makumi manomwe uye yakasvika zvakachengeteka panzvimbo yekusimuka. Pakubhururuka kwechitatu, rimwe remaroketi rakaputika uye chikamu chekumashure cheairframe chakabatira moto, zvichipedza bvunzo.
Zvichakadaro, mutyairi wendege wekuGermany, mukundi weAtlantic, Hermann Köhl, akaratidza kufarira magadzirirwo eLippisch ndokuraira Delta I motor glider nekubhadhara kare kweRM 4200 semutengo wekutenga kwayo. Iyo Delta I yaifambiswa neBritish Bristol Cherub 30 HP injini uye yakasvika pakumhanya kwe145 km / h. Imotor glider yaive cantilever isina muswe ine mapapiro mu delta marongero ane danda remuti rine kabhini revanhu vaviri uye inosaidzira propeller. Kubhururuka kwayo kwekutanga kwakaitika muzhizha ra1930, uye kubhururuka kwayo kwemotokari muna Chivabvu 1931. Iyo yekuvandudza vhezheni yeDelta II yakaramba iri pamabhodhi ekudhirowa, yaizofambiswa ne20 HP injini. Muna 1932, iyo Delta III yakavakwa paFieseler chirimwa, yakavakwa mune duplicate pasi pezita rekuti Fieseler F 3 Wespe (wasp). Iyo airframe yakanga yakaoma kubhururuka uye yakadonha musi waChikunguru 23, 1932 pane imwe yendege dzekuyedza. Mutyairi wendege, Günter Groenhoff, akaurayiwa ipapo.
Mukutanga kwe1933/34, muzinda weRRG wakaendeswa kuDarmstadt-Griesheim, uko kambani yakava chikamu cheDeutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS), i.e. yeGerman Research Institute yeShaft Flight. Nechekare paDFS, imwe airframe yakagadzirwa, iyo yakasarudzwa Delta IV a, uye ipapo yakagadziridzwa Delta IV b kusiyana.Musiyano wekupedzisira waiva Delta IV c ine 75 hp Pobjoy star injini ine propeller inodhonza. Dipl.-Ing. Frithjof Ursinus, Josef Hubert naFritz Krämer. Muna 1936, muchina wacho wakagamuchira chitupa chemvumo yekufamba nendege uye wakanyoreswa sendege yemitambo ine vanhu vaviri.
