Nyaya yakasviba. Matambudziko matanhatu ecosmological

Mafambiro ezvinhu pachiyero checosmic anoteerera dzidziso yakanaka yekare yaNewton. Nekudaro, kuwanikwa kwaFritz Zwicky muma30s uye kwakatevera kwakawanda kucherechedzwa kwemakwara enzou ari kure anotenderera nekukasira kupfuura hukuru hwawo hunenge hwaizoratidza, zvakakurudzira vazivi venyeredzi nevefizikisi kuti vaverenge kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakasviba, izvo zvisingakwanisi kutsanangurwa zvakananga mune chero chiyero chiripo chekutarisa. . kumidziyo yedu. Bhiri rakazove rakanyanya kukwirira - iko zvino kunofungidzirwa kuti ingangoita 27% yehuremu hwechadenga inyaya yakasviba. Izvi zvakapetwa kashanu pane "zvakajairika" nyaya inowanikwa kune zvatinoona.

Sezvineiwo, zvimedu zvekutanga hazviratidzike kufanoona kuvepo kwezvimedu zvingaumba iyi enigmatic mass. Kusvika parizvino, hatisati takwanisa kuzviona kana kugadzira matanda ane simba guru mukudhumhana maaccelerator. Tariro yekupedzisira yesainzi yaive kuwanikwa kwe "sterile" neutrinos, iyo inogona kugadzira zvinhu zvakasviba. Zvakadaro, kusvika pari zvino kuyedza kuvaziva hakunawo kubudirira.

simba rakasviba

Sezvo zvakaonekwa muma90 kuti kuwedzera kwechadenga hakusi nguva dzose, asi kukurumidza, kumwe kuwedzera kune kuverenga kwaidiwa, panguva ino nesimba riri muchadenga. Zvakazoitika kuti kutsanangura kukurumidza uku, simba rakawedzerwa (kureva vanhu vazhinji, nokuti maererano nedzidziso yakakosha yehukama ivo vakafanana) - i.e. simba rerima - rinofanira kuita 68% yepasirese.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvepasi rose zvinoumbwa ne... mwari anoziva! Nokuti, sezvakaita nyaya yerima, hatina kukwanisa kubata kana kuongorora maitiro ayo. Vamwe vanotenda kuti iri ndiro simba revacuum, simba rimwechete iro zvidimbu "pasina chinhu" zvinoonekwa semugumisiro wehuwandu hwemigumisiro. Vamwe vanoratidza kuti ndiyo "quintessence", simba rechishanu rezvisikwa.

Kune zvakare fungidziro yekuti iyo cosmological musimboti haishande zvachose, iyo Universe haina homogeneous, ine dhizaini dzakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye kuchinja uku kunogadzira fungidziro yekukurumidza kuwedzera. Mune iyi vhezheni, dambudziko resimba rakasviba raingova manyepo.

Einstein akaunzwa mudzidziso dzake - ndokuzobvisa - iyo pfungwa cosmological kugarayakabatana nesimba rakasviba. Pfungwa iyi yakaenderera mberi neve quantum mechanics theorists vakaedza kutsiva pfungwa ye cosmological constant. quantum vacuum munda simba. Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi yakapa 10¹²⁰ simba rakawanda kudarika rinodiwa kuwedzera denga nemwero watinoziva...

inflation

Dzidziso inflation yenzvimbo inotsanangura zvakawanda zvinogutsa, asi inosuma diki (zvakanaka, kwete kune wese munhu diki) dambudziko - inoratidza kuti munguva yekutanga yekuvapo kwayo, kuwedzera kwayo kwekuwedzera kwakakurumidza kupfuura kumhanya kwechiedza. Izvi zvingatsanangura chimiro chiri kuoneka chezviro zvemuchadenga, tembiricha yazvo, simba, nezvimwewo. Nyaya yacho, zvisinei, ndeyokuti hapana zvisaririra zveichi chiitiko chekare zvakawanikwa kusvika zvino.

Vatsvakurudzi vanobva kuImperial College London, London, uye maYunivhesiti eHelsinki neCopenhagen vakatsanangura muna 2014 muPhysical Review Letters kuti simba rinokwevera pasi rakapa sei kugadzikana kunodiwa kuti pasi rose riwane inflation yakaipisisa pakutanga kwayo. Chikwata chakaongorora kudyidzana pakati peHiggs particles uye simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti kunyange kupindirana kuduku kworudzi urwu kunogona kudzikamisa zvinhu zvose nokuzviponesa kubva munjodzi.

Girafu yekumhanya kwekutenderera kwe spiral galaxy M33

“Muenzaniso wakajairika wefizikisi yepakutanga, unoshandiswa nesainzi kutsanangura zvakaita zvidimbu zvepakutanga uye kudyidzana kwadzo, hausati wapindura mubvunzo wekuti nei Chadenga chisina kuparara pakarepo pashure peBig Bang,” akadaro purofesa wacho. Artu Rajanti kubva kuFizikisi Dhipatimendi reImperial College. "Muchidzidzo chedu, takatarisa pane isingazivikanwe paramende yeStandard Model, ndiko kuti, kusangana pakati peHiggs particles negiravhiti. Iyi parameter haigone kuyerwa muyedzo yekumhanyisa chidimbu, asi ine simba rakasimba pakusagadzikana kweHiggs particles panguva yekukwira kwemitengo. Kunyangwe kukosha kudiki kweiyi parameter kwakakwana kutsanangura huwandu hwekupona. "

Dandemutande rechinhu chakasviba chakavhenekerwa nequasar

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti inflation, kana yangotanga, yakaoma kumira. Vanogumisa kuti mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kusikwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, zvakaparadzana mumuviri kubva kune zvedu. Uye maitiro aya achaenderera mberi kusvika nhasi. Hurukuro hwakasiyana-siyana huchiri kubereka zvisikwa zvitsva mukukwira kwemitengo.

Vachidzokera kumhanyiro yenguva dzose yenheyo yechiedza, vamwe vanoongorora nezvokukwira kwemitengo vanokarakadza kuti kumhanya kwechiedza, hungu, muganhu wakaoma, asi kwete nguva dzose. Munguva yekutanga yaive yakakwirira, ichibvumira inflation. Ikozvino inoramba ichidonha, asi zvishoma nezvishoma zvekuti hatigone kuzviona.

Kubatanidza Kudyidzana

Chiyero chazvino chechinhu chakajairwa, chinhu chakasviba uye simba rakasviba

Iyo Standard Model, nepo ichibatanidza marudzi matatu emasimba echisikigo, haibatanidzi iyo isina simba uye yakasimba kudyidzana kugutsikana kwevesainzi vese. Gravity inomira padivi uye haisati yave kuverengerwa mune yakajairika modhi nenyika yezvikamu zvekutanga. Chero kuedza kuyananisa giravhiti ne quantum mechanics inosuma kusakwana kwakawanda mukuverenga zvekuti maequation anorasikirwa nekukosha kwawo.

quantum dzidziso yegiravhiti inoda kuzorora mukubatana pakati pesimba rinokwevera uye inertial mass, inozivikanwa kubva pamusimboti wekuenzana (ona chinyorwa: "Mitemo mitanhatu yePasirose"). Kutyorwa kwemusimboti uyu kunokanganisa kuvakwa kwefizikisi yemazuva ano. Nokudaro, dzidziso yakadaro, iyo inozarura nzira yedzidziso yezviroto pamusoro pezvinhu zvose, inogonawo kuparadza fizikiki inozivikanwa kusvika ikozvino.

Kunyange zvazvo simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rakanyanya kusimba kuti rionekwe pazviyero zviduku zve quantum interactions, pane imwe nzvimbo iyo inova yakasimba zvakakwana kuti iite mutsauko mumakanika e quantum phenomena. Izvi makomba matema. Nekudaro, zviitiko zviri kuitika mukati uye kunze kwavo hazvisati zvadzidzwa uye kudzidzwa.

Kugadzira denga

Iyo Standard Model haigone kufanotaura ukuru hwemasimba uye masasi anomuka munyika yezvimedu. Tinodzidza nezvehuwandu uhu nekuyera nekuwedzera data kune dzidziso. Masayendisiti anogara achiona kuti mutsauko mudiki muhuwandu hwakayerwa wakakwana kuita kuti chadenga chitaridzike chakasiyana zvachose.

Somuenzaniso, ine huremu hudukusa hunodiwa kutsigira nyaya yakatsiga yezvose zvatinoziva. Huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasviba nesimba zvinonyatsoenderana kuita mapoka enyeredzi.

Rimwe rematambudziko akanyanya kunetsa nekugadzirisa maparamendi echadenga ndeye kunaka kwenyaya pane antimatteriyo inobvumira zvinhu zvose kuti zvivepo zvakagadzikana. Zvinoenderana neiyo Standard Model, huwandu hwakafanana hwechinhu uye antimatter inofanirwa kugadzirwa. Hongu, kubva pamaonero edu, zvakanaka kuti nyaya ine pundutso, sezvo zviyero zvakaenzana zvichireva kusagadzikana kweChisiko, chinozununguswa nekuputika kwechisimba kwekuparadza kwemhando mbiri dzenyaya.

Kuonekwa kwezvakasiyana-siyana nekukura uye kubvumirana kwemaunivhesiti

Dambudziko rekuyera

chisarudzo divi quantum zvinhu zvinoreva kudonha kwebasa remafungu, kureva "kuchinja" kwemamiriro avo kubva kune maviri (katsi Schrödinger mune indeterminate mamiriro e "mupenyu kana akafa") kune imwe chete (tinoziva zvakaitika kune katsi).

Imwe yefungidziro dzakasimba dzine chekuita nedambudziko rekuyera ipfungwa ye "nyika zhinji" - mikana yatinosarudza kubva pakuyera. Nyika dziri kupatsanura nguva dzese. Saka, tine nyika yatinotarisa mubhokisi nekatsi, uye nyika yatisingatarise mubhokisi nekatsi ... Mukutanga - nyika inogara kati, kana iyo yaasingagari, nezvimwewo d.

akatenda kuti chimwe chinhu chakanga chisina kumira zvakanaka nequantum mechanics, uye maonero ake aisafanira kutorwa senhando.

Kudyidzana kukuru kuna