Katatu Fritz-X

Ngarava yehondo yekuItaly yeRoma ichangopera kuvakwa.

Muchikamu chechipiri chemakore ekuma30, zvaive zvichiri kutendwa kuti zvikepe zvakashongedzwa zvakanyanya zvaizogadzirisa mhedzisiro yehondo mugungwa. MaGermany, ane zvikamu zvishoma zvakadaro kupfuura maBritish neFrench, aifanira kuvimba neLuftwaffe kuti ibatsire kuvhara mukaha kana zvichidiwa. Zvichakadaro, kubatanidzwa kweCondor Legion muSpain Civil War kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva kuti kunyange pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka uye nekushandiswa kwezvinoona zvitsva, kurova chinhu chiduku hachiwanzoitiki, uye kunyange chisingawanzoitiki kana chiri kufamba.

Izvi zvaisanyanya kushamisa, saka Junkers Ju 87 dive mabhomba akaedzwawo muSpain, aine mhedzisiro iri nani yekudonha. Dambudziko raive rekuti ndege idzi dzaive nerefu pfupi, uye mabhomba avaikwanisa kutakura aisakwanisa kupinda mukati mezvombo zvakachinjika mumakamuri akakosha ezvikepe zvakarwiswa, ndiko kuti, mumakamuri ezvombo uye injini. Mhinduro yaive yekudonhedza bhomba hombe (motokari inotakura ine injini dzinenge mbiri) sezvinobvira kubva paukwiriri hwepamusoro (iyo inoderedza zvakanyanya kutyisidzira kweflak) uku ichipa simba rekinetic rakakwana.

Mhedzisiro yekurwiswa kwekuyedza nevashandi vakasarudzwa veLehrgeschwader Greifswald yaive nechirevo chakajeka - kunyangwe ngarava yaidzorwa neredhiyo, yaimbova ngarava yehondo Hessen, 127,7 m kureba uye 22,2 m yakafara, yakafambiswa zvinyoro uye nekumhanya isingapfuure 18 knots. , nekururama kwe6000-7000 m apo mabhomba akadonha aingova 6% chete, uye nekuwedzera kwekukwirira kusvika 8000-9000 m, chete 0,6%. Zvakava pachena kuti zvombo zvinotungamirirwa chete zvaigona kupa migumisiro yakanakisisa.

The aerodynamics yebhomba rinodonha rakasununguka, iro rakananga kune chinangwa neredhiyo, rakaitwa neboka kubva kuGermany Institute for Aeronautical Research (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt, DVL), iri muBerlin's Adlershof district. Yakanga ichitungamirirwa naDr. Max Cramer (akaberekwa 1903, akapedza kudzidza kuMunich University of Technology, ane Ph.D. akawana pazera remakore makumi maviri nemasere nekuda kwebasa resainzi mundima yeaerodynamics, musiki wemhinduro dzepatent yekuvaka ndege. , semuenzaniso, maererano neflaps, chiremera mumunda we laminar dynamics flow), iyo muna 28, apo komisheni itsva yeReich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, RLM) yakauya, yakashanda, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, pawaya- inotungamirirwa mhepo-kune-mhepo chombo.

Iyo Fritz-X inotungamirwa bhomba ichiri mudanho rendege nguva pfupi yabviswa kubva pakumiswa.

Izvo hazvina kutora timu yaKramer nguva yakareba, uye kuyedzwa kweSC 250 DVL bhomba rekuparadza mhete kwakabudirira zvekuti sarudzo yakaitwa kuti PC 1400 ive "smart" chombo, chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvebhomba rinorema pasi rose. . Arsenal yeLuftwaffe. Yakagadzirwa neiyo Ruhrstahl AG chirimwa muBrakwede (Bielefeld nzvimbo).

Iyo redhiyo yekudzora bhomba system yakatanga kugadzirwa paRLM research centre muGröfelfing pedyo neMunich. Miedzo yemidziyo yakavakwa ipapo, yakaitwa muzhizha ra1940, haina kuunza mhedzisiro inogutsa. Nyanzvi kubva kuzvikwata zveTelefunken, Siemens, Lorenz, Loewe-Opta nevamwe, avo pakutanga vakangobata zvikamu zvepurojekiti kuitira kuchengetedza basa ravo rakavanzika, vakaita zviri nani. Basa ravo rakakonzera kusikwa kweFuG (Funkgerät) 203 transmitter, codenamed Kehl, uye FuG 230 Strassburg inogamuchira, iyo yakararama maererano nezvaitarisirwa.

Kusanganiswa kwebhomba, minhenga uye hurongwa hwekutungamira hwakagamuchira zita refekitori X-1, uye mauto - PC 1400X kana FX 1400. Semunzvimbo dzezasi dzeLuftwaffe, bhomba "rakajairika" 1400-kilogiramu rakanzi Fritz, the Izwi rokuti Fritz-X rakave rakakurumbira, iro ravakatora gare gare kuburikidza nemasangano avo ehungwaru. Nzvimbo yekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvitsva yaive chirimwa mudunhu reBerlin reMarienfelde, yaive chikamu cheRheinmetall-Borsig kunetseka, iyo yakagamuchira chibvumirano chekuvakwa kwayo muzhizha ra1939. Ekutanga prototypes akatanga kubuda mumafekitori aya. muna February 1942 akaenda kuPeenemünde West, iyo Luftwaffe test centre pachitsuwa cheUsedom. Pakazosvika 10 Kubvumbi, 111 Fritz-Xs akange abviswa mukushanda Heinkli He 29H mauto anogara muHarz iri pedyo, paine mashanu ekupedzisira chete achionekwa seanogutsa.

Nhepfenyuro dzinotevera, pakutanga kwemakore gumi echitatu aJune, dzakapa migumisiro yakanakisisa. Chinangwa chakanga chiri muchinjikwa wakanyorwa pasi, uye 9 kubva mu10 mabhomba akadonha kubva pamamita 6000 akawira mukati me 14,5 mamita ekuyambuka, matatu ayo akanga ari pamusoro payo. Sezvo chinangwa chikuru chaive ngarava dzehondo, hupamhi hwehupamhi hwehull amidships hwaive hwemamita makumi matatu, saka hazvishamisi kuti Luftwaffe yakasarudza kuisa mabhomba matsva muzvombo zveLuftwaffe.

Zvakasarudzwa kuita nhanho inotevera yekuedzwa muItaly, iyo yaifungidzira denga risina makore, uye kubva muna Kubvumbi 1942, Heinkle yakasimuka kubva kuFoggia airfield (Erprobungsstelle Süd). Munguva yekuyedzwa uku, matambudziko akamuka nemagetsi emagetsi, saka basa rekuita pneumatic activation rakatanga muDVL (iyo sisitimu yaifanirwa kupa mweya kubva pakubata pamuviri webhomba), asi vari pasi peCramer, mushure mekuedzwa mumugero wemhepo, vakaenda tsime redambudziko uye electromagnetic activation yakachengetedzwa. Mushure mekunge chirema chabviswa, mhinduro dzakava nani uye zviri nani, uye nekudaro, kubva pamabhomba angangoita zana akadonhedzwa, 100 akawira panzvimbo yakatarwa nedivi remamita mashanu. Kutadza kwacho kwakakonzerwa nehurombo hwe " chigadzirwa". kana kukanganisa kwevashandisi, kureva zvinhu zvinotarisirwa kubviswa nekufamba kwenguva. Musi waNyamavhuvhu 49, chinangwa chaive simbi yezvombo yakakora 5 mm, iyo musoro webhomba wakabaya zvakanaka pasina kana deformation chaiyo.

Naizvozvo, zvakasarudzwa kuti zvienderere mberi padanho rekugadzira nzira dzekurwisa kushandiswa kwezvombo zvitsva zvine chinangwa chevatakuri uye vatyairi. Panguva imwecheteyo, RLM yakaisa odha neRheinmetall-Borsig yezvikamu zveSerial Fritz-X, zvaida kuburitswa kwemayunitsi angangoita makumi matatu neshanu pamwedzi (chinangwa chaive chekuve mazana matatu). Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvharira kwezvinhu (nekuda kwekushaikwa kwenickel uye molybdenum zvaive zvakafanira kutsvaga imwe alloy yemisoro) uye logistics, zvisinei, zvakatungamira kune chokwadi chekuti kushanda kwakadaro kwakawanikwa muMarienfeld muna Kubvumbi 35.

Kare, munaGunyana 1942, chikwata chekudzidzira uye chekuyedza (Lehr-und Erprobungskommando) EK 21 chakagadzirwa panhandare yendege yeHarz, ichibhururuka Dornier Do 217K uye Heinklach He 111H. Muna Ndira 1943, yakatonzi Kampfgruppe 21, yaive ina Staffeln Dornier Do 217K-2s chete, ine Fritz-X mounts uye Kehl III shanduro transmitters. Musi wa29 Kubvumbi, EK 21 yakava mauto ehondo, yakatumidzwa zita rekuti III./KG100 uye yakavakirwa paSchwäbisch Hall padyo neStuttgart. Pakazosvika pakati paChikunguru, kuenda kwake kunhandare yendege yeIstres padhuze neMarseille kwakapedzwa, kubva kwaakatanga kuita.

Augusti pedyo naRomy

Musi waChikunguru 21, vatatu veDorniers kubva kuIstria vakatumirwa kunorwisa Augusta (Sicily), chiteshi chengarava chakatorwa nemauto eAllied mazuva masere apfuura. Mabhomba akasvika kwaaida kwatosviba uye haana chaakashandura. Kupambwa kwakafanana paSirakuse mazuva maviri gare gare kwakapera nenzira imwe cheteyo. Four III./KG31 mabhomba akatora chikamu mukurwisa kukuru kwakatarisana nePalermo pahusiku hwe1 Chikunguru/100 Nyamavhuvhu. Maawa mashoma apfuura, boka rezvikepe zveUS Navy rakapinda muchiteshi, richipa amphibious kumhara muSicily, raisanganisira vaviri vafambisi vezvikepe uye vaparadzi vatanhatu, munzira iyo vashandi vekutakura nemauto vaive vakamirira. Ivo vana vekuIstria vakasvika kwavaienda kunze kwayedza, asi hazvisi pachena kana vakabudirira.

Vakuru vevacheri vemigodhi "Skill" (AM 115) uye "Aspiration" (AM 117), iyo yakagamuchira kukuvara kubva pakuputika kwepedyo (iyo yekupedzisira yaive negomba rinenge 2 x 1 m mufuselage), vakanyora mumishumo yavo kuti mabhomba akadonhedzwa kubva mundege dzaibhururuka pakakwirira. Zvisinei, chii chiri chokwadi ndechekuti 9th Staffel KG100 yakarasikirwa nemotokari mbiri dzakapfurwa nevavengi vehusiku vavengi (pamwe ava vaive maBeaufighters e600 Squadron RAF yakavakirwa kuMalta). Mumwe mutyairi wendege kubva kuvashandi veDornier akapona uye akatorwa musungwa, kubva kwaari ma scouts akagamuchira ruzivo nezve kutyisidzira kutsva.

Ichi chakanga chisiri chishamiso chakakwana. Nyevero yekutanga yaive tsamba yakagamuchirwa pa5 Mbudzi 1939 neBritish naval attaché muguta guru reNorway, yakasaina "musayendisiti wechiGerman parutivi rwako." Munyori waro aiva Dr. Hans Ferdinand Maier, mukuru wenzvimbo yekutsvakurudza ye Siemens & Halske AG. Briton akazviziva muna 1955 uye, nekuti aida, haana kuzvizivisa kusvika pakufa kwaMayer nemukadzi wake, makore makumi matatu nemana gare gare. Kunyange zvazvo mamwe mashoko “pfuma” akaita kuti ive yakavimbika zvikuru, yakanga yakawanda uye isina kuenzana mumhando.

Iyo Oslo Report yakaonekwa nekusavimbwa. Saka chikamu che "remote controlled glider" chekurwisa ngarava chakadonha kubva mundege ichibhururuka pakakwirira chakasiiwa kunze. Mayer akapawo mamwe mashoko: zviyero (imwe neimwe 3 m kureba uye span), iyo frequency bhendi inoshandiswa (mafungu mapfupi) uye saiti yekuyedza (Penemünde).

Nekudaro, mumakore akatevera, njere dzeBritish dzakatanga kugamuchira "kunyomba" pamusoro pe "zvinhu Hs 293 uye FX", iyo muna Chivabvu 1943 yakasimbisa decoding yekuraira kweBletchley Park yekuvasunungura kubva mumatura uye nekuchenjerera kuvadzivirira kubva kune espionage uye kuparadza. Pakupera kwaChikunguru, nekuda kwedecryption, maBritish akadzidza nezve kugadzirira kurwisa misheni yevatakuri vendege: Dornierów Do 217E-5 kubva II./KG100 (Hs 293) uye Do 217K-2 kubva III./KG100. Nekuda kwekusaziva panguva iyoyo yenzvimbo yezvikamu zviviri izvi, nyevero dzakatumirwa chete kukuraira kwemauto emugungwa muMediterranean.

Husiku hwa9/10 Nyamavhuvhu 1943, ndege ina III./KG100 dzakakwira mudenga zvakare, panguva ino pamusoro peSirakuse. Nekuda kwemabhomba avo, vabatsiri havana kurasikirwa, uye Dornier, uyo aive wekiyi yenguva dzose, akapfurwa. Mutyairi wendege uye mufambisi wengarava (vamwe vese vevashandi vakafa) panguva yekubvunzurudzwa vakasimbisa kuti Luftwaffe yaive nemhando mbiri dzezvombo zvinodzorwa neredhiyo. Zvakanga zvisingaite kutora ruzivo nezve frequency kubva kwavari - zvakazoitika kuti vasati vabva kunhandare yendege, mapaya emakristasi akaiswa nhamba kubva pa1 kusvika ku18 aingoiswa pamidziyo yekutungamirira, maererano nekuraira kwakagamuchirwa.

Mumavhiki akatevera, vaDorniers veIstra vakaramba vachishanda pamwero muduku uye pasina kubudirira, kazhinji vachibatanidzwa mukurwiswa pamwe chete neJu 88s. Palermo (23 August) uye Reggio Calabria (3 September). Kurasikirwa kwake kwakagumira kune wrench, iyo yakaparadzwa nekuputika kwebhomba rake paaibhururuka pamusoro peMessina.

Manheru eSeptember 8, 1943, maItaly akazivisa chibvumirano neAllies. Zvinoenderana nechimwe chezvirongwa zvayo, squadron iri pasi pekuraira kwaAdm. Carlo Bergamini, inosanganisira zvikepe zvehondo zvitatu - mureza weRoma, Italia (ex-Littorio) uye Vittorio Veneto - nhamba imwe chete yevafambisi vezvikepe uye vaparadzi 8, vakabatanidzwa nechikwata cheGenoa (vatatu vezvikepe uye torpedo chikepe). Sezvo maGermany aiziva kuti vabatsiri vavo vakanga vachigadzirira chii, ndege dzeIII./KG100 dzakaiswa munjodzi, uye 11 Dorniers dzakadzingwa kubva kuIstra kuti dzirwise. Vakasvika zvikepe zveItaly mushure me15:00 masikati pavakasvika kumvura pakati peSardinia neCorsica.

Madonhwe ekutanga akanga asina kururama, zvichiita kuti maItaly avhure moto uye atange kunzvenga. Dzakanga dzisingabatsiri - pa15: 46 Fritz-X, mushure mokunge aputsa hull yeRoma, akaputika pasi pezasi, zvichida pamuganho pakati pekona uye kumashure injini, izvo zvakatungamirira kumafashamo avo. Bergamini's flagship yakatanga kuwira kubva pakuumbwa, uye 6 maminetsi mushure mezvo, bhomba rechipiri rakarova nzvimbo yepamusoro pakati pe2-mm turret yepfuti huru yepfuti Nhamba 381 uye mberi 152-mm port side pfuti. Mhedzisiro yekuputika kwayo kwaiva kupisa kwezviputi zvinoputika mukamuri pasi pekutanga (magasi akakanda pamusoro pechigadziro chinorema anenge matani 1600) uye, zvichida, pasi peshongwe Nha. Utsi hukuru hwakakwira pamusoro pechikepe, chakatanga kunyura, chakazembera kudivi renyeredzi. Yakazonyungudika sekeel ichibva yatsemuka padanho rechipiri, ichinyangarika pasi pemvura na1:16. Zvinoenderana nedata razvino, vanhu 15 vaive muchikepe uye vanhu zana nemakumi matatu nevatatu, vachitungamirwa naBergamini, vakafa nayo.

Iyo light cruiser Uganda, yekutanga ngarava yehondo yeBritish kutora chikamu muOp Operation Avalanche, yakakuvadzwa nebhomba rakatungamirwa rakarohwa.

Nenguva dza16:29 Fritz-X akapinda mujinga reItari uye bhandi reparutivi pamberi pe turret 1, richiputika mumvura kubva kudivi renyeredzi rechikepe. Izvi zvaireva kugadzirwa kwegomba mukati maro rinoyera 7,5 x 6 m uye deformation yeganda, richienda pasi munzvimbo ye24 x 9 m, asi mafashamo (1066 matani emvura) aingogumira kumacofferdam pakati peganda. uye iyo longitudinal anti-torpedo bulkhead. Nguva dzapfuura, na15:30, kuputika kwebhomba kuchiteshi chengarava cheItaly kwakaguma nokudhumhana kwechidzoreso.

Bhomba rekutanga rakarova Roma rakadonhedzwa kubva mundege yaMajor III./KG100 mukuru. Bernhard Jope, uye boka rakamutungamirira kune chinangwa. Klaproth. Yechipiri, kubva kuDornier, inotungamirwa naSgt. vashandi. Kurt Steinborn akatungamira platoon. Degan.