Nhoroondo Inoshamisa Yemabharumu

Apo vanhu vakadzidza kuti mhepo inewo humwe uremu (rita yemhepo inorema 1,2928 g, uye cubic mita inenge 1200 g)), vakasvika pakugumisa kuti zvinenge zvose zviri mumhepo zvinorasikirwa zvakanyanya sezvazvinorema, kudzinga mweya. Saka, chinhu chaigona kuyangarara mumhepo kana mhepo yachaisundira kunze yairema kuchipfuura. Saka, nekuda kweArchimedes, nhoroondo inoshamisa yemabharumu yakatanga.

Hama dzeMontgolfier dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa panyaya iyi. Vakatora mukana wekuti mweya unodziya wakareruka pane mhepo inotonhora. Dome hombe rakasonewa kubva pachinhu chakareruka uye chakasimba. Bhora racho raiva neburi nechepasi, pasi paro paibatidzwa moto, uchipfuta mumoto wakarongwa mumudziyo wakaita sechikepe wakasungirirwa kubhora. Uye saka yekutanga bharumu yemhepo inopisa yakaenda kumatenga muna Chikumi 1783. Hama dzakadzokorora kuedza kwavo kutiza kwakabudirira pamberi paMambo Louis XVI, dare uye vataridzi vashoma. Pabharumu pacho paiva nekeji yaiva nemhuka dzakawanda. Chiratidzo chacho chakatora maminetsi mashomanana, sezvo gomba rebhoti rakabvaruka uye, hongu, rakawa, asi zvinyoro, uye naizvozvo hapana akakuvadzwa.

Kuedza kwekutanga kwakanyorwa kwekushandisa bharumu modhi yakaitwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 1709 naBartolomeo Lourenço de Gusmão, mufundisi waMambo John wePortugal.

Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1783, hama dzaRobert, dzichitevera mirairo yaJacques Alexander Charles, vakafunga kushandisa rimwe gasi, rakapetwa ka14 kupfuura mhepo, inonzi hydrogen. (Yakambowanikwa, semuenzaniso, nekudurura zinc kana iron ne sulfuric acid). Nekuomerwa kukuru, vakazadza bharumu nehydrogen ndokuribudisa risina vafambi. Bharumu yakadonha kunze kweParis, uko veruzhinji, vachifunga kuti yaibata nerudzi rweshato isingapere, vakaitsemura kuita zvidimbu zvidiki.

Nenguva isipi, mabharumu, kunyanya ane hydrogen, akatanga kugadzirwa muEurope yose neAmerica. Kupisa kwemhepo kwakanga kusingabviri, sezvo moto waiwanzotanga. Mamwe magasi akaedzwawo, semuenzaniso, gasi rechiedza, raishandiswa pakuvheneka, asi rine njodzi nekuti rine chepfu uye rinoputika nyore.

Mabharumu akakurumidza kuva chikamu chakakosha chemitambo yakawanda yenharaunda. Dzakashandiswawo nemasayendisiti kudzidza mativi ekumusoro emuchadenga, uye kunyange mufambi mumwe (Salomon August Andre (1854 - 1897), injiniya weSweden uye muongorori weArctic) muna 1896, zvisinei, haana kubudirira, akaenda mubharumu kuenda. tsvaga North Pole.

Ipapo ndipo pakaonekwa izvo zvinonzi mabharumu ekucherechedza, ane zviridzwa izvo, pasina kupindira kwevanhu, kunyoresa tembiricha, unyoro, nezvimwewo. Mabharuni aya anoenda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira.

Nenguva isipi, panzvimbo ye spherical shape yemabhora, vakatanga kushandisa oblong "mhete", sezvo mauto eFrance akadana mabhora echimiro ichi. Vakanga vakashongedzerwawo zvidzoreso. Chidzoreso chakabatsira bharumu zvishoma, nekuti chakanyanya kukosha kwaive kwakananga mhepo. Zvisinei, nekuda kwechigadzirwa chitsva, bharumu rinogona "kutsauka" zvishoma kubva kune nzira yemhepo. Mainjiniya nemakanika vakafunga kuti voita sei kuti vadzore kusanaya kwemhepo uye vakwanise kubhururuka vachienda chero kupi. Mumwe wevagadziri aida kushandisa zvikwasvi, asi akazvionera ega kuti mhepo haisi mvura uye hazvibviri kukwasva nemazvo.

Chinangwa chaidiwa chakawanikwa chete apo injini dzinoshandiswa nekupiswa kwepeturu dzakagadzirwa uye dzakashandiswa mumotokari nendege. Idzi mota dzakagadzirwa neGerman Daimler muna 1890. Vaviri vokwaDaimler vokwaDaimler vaida kushandisa chigadzirwa kufambisa mabharumu nokukurumidza zvikuru uye zvichida vasingafungi. Sezvineiwo, peturu yakaputika yakabatidza gasi uye vese vakafa.

Izvi hazvina kuodza mwoyo mumwe muGermany, Zeppelin. Muna 1896, akagadzira bharumu rekutanga rinopisa, iro rakanzi Zeppelin mushure make. Goko hombe refu refu, rakatambanudzwa pamusoro pechikafuru chechiedza uye rakashongedzerwa zvidzoreso, rakasimudza chikepe chihombe chine injini nemapuropeller, kungofanana nendege. Zeppelins akavandudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyanya panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.

Kunyange zvazvo kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa mukugadzirwa kwemabharumu emhepo inopisa Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga, zvaidavirwa kuti dzakanga dzisina remangwana rakanaka. Zvinodhura kuvaka; ma hangars makuru anodiwa pakuchengetedza kwavo; kukuvara nyore nyore; panguva imwe chete ivo vanononoka, vane usimbe mukufamba. Kukanganisa kwavo kuzhinji ndiko kwaikonzera njodzi dzinogara dzichiitika. Ramangwana nderendege, midziyo inorema-kupfuura-mhepo inotakurwa nemhepo inokurumidza kutenderera.