Kudzikira kwemotokari dzemagetsi muzana ramakore reXNUMX

Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX rakaratidza kutanga kwekubuda kwemotokari dzemagetsi, nekubudirira kukuru: idzi motokari dzaive chaizvoizvo dzakawanda mumusika wemotokari uye dzaive dzakanyanya kushanda kupfuura vadzikwi vavo vanopisa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, zana remakore rechimakumi maviri rakaratidzwa nekuderera kwemotokari yemagetsi, iyo yakatevera kukundikana mushure mekukundikana. 

Kutanga kunovimbisa

Kupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kwakaona kufarira kwakasimba kwemota yemagetsi, iyo yakasvika zuva rekufara nekuda kwekumhanya nekutyora marekodhi.

Saka, mota dzemagetsi dzinonyanya kushanda uye dzinokosheswa kupfuura vadzikwi vadzo: muna 1900, chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemotokari chaishandiswa nemabhatiri.

Mu 1901, muFrance, lPoste anotoendesa tsamba mumotokari yemagetsi naMildé, ine kureba kwe50 km.

Panguva iyoyo, motokari dzemagetsi dzaive dzakakurumbira kune zvadzakanakira: pakarepo kutanga-up, injini yakanyarara, isina utsi kana kunhuhwirira kwemhepo, uye hapana kuchinja kwegiya.

Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga zvisina kukwana kuti motokari dzemagetsi dzirambe dzichimhanya, uye indasitiri yemotokari yakakurumidza kutendeukira kumotokari dzinoshandiswa nepeturu.

Kukurumidza kuderera kwemotokari dzemagetsi

Kubudirira kwemotokari yemagetsi kwaizodzikiswa zvakanyanya nekuvandudzwa kweinjini yekupisa yemukati (kana injini yekupisa yemukati) yakagadzirwa naDaimler naBenz, uye kuiswa kweFord T muna 1908, kwakaratidza kutanga kwedemocratization yemunhu. use. kupisa injini.

Uku ndiko kutanga kwenguva yemazuva ano yemotokari: kugadzirwa pamutsetse wegungano kunoderedza mutengo wekugadzira, kugadzirwa electric starter Charles Kettering muna 1912 anovandudza kunyaradza kwemota dzinopisa uye mota idzi dzinoshandisa peturu yakachipa.

Motokari dzinopisa dzinobatsirwawo nekuenderera mberi nekuvandudzwa kwekuita maererano ne Vitessekubva kuzvionera, uremu motokari zvakare nyaradzo.

Zvose izvi zviitiko zvinoratidza kupera kwekufamba kwemagetsi. Zvakatora makumi maviri emakore kuti injini yepeturu itsinde zvachose mota dzemagetsi.

Mumakore ekuma1920, motokari dzinopfuura mamiriyoni matatu dzepeturu dzakagadzirwa, zvichienzaniswa nemotokari dzemagetsi mazana mana.

Kudzikira mota dzemagetsi kuenda kumusika niche

Kana motokari dzemagetsi dzisingakwanisi kukwikwidzana nevadzikwi vavo vanopisa, saka izvi, muchidimbu, nokuti vakazvimisa ivo pachavo kumusika niche: marori emaguta, kunyanya, makambani ematekisi, motokari dzemotokari, midziyo yeumbozha kana yemarara, mabhazi, fekitari ngoro. uye motokari dzekutakura.

Sezvineiwo, vagadziri vemota dzepeturu vakakurumidza kuda kuaburitsa kuti dziwane kudiwa kwakawanda. 

Mukuwedzera, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji mumunda wemabhatiri, yakatanga muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, ichakurumidza kupera mukutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, ichimisa kushanduka kwemotokari dzemagetsi. Nokudaro, vagadziri vemabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi vakamira kuvavandudza uye vakatendeukira kukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri ekupisa injini dzepeturu.

Kunyange mapiyona ari mumunda wemagetsi, akadai saCharles Jeanteau kana Louis Krieger, achachinja kune injini dzinopisa.

Nokudaro, motokari dzemagetsi inongova shanduro yakavandudzwa zvishoma, saka havawani kuzvitonga kwakakwana kune zvitsva zvemotokari. Zvimwe zvakakosha zvinoramba zvakachengetwa, kunyanya kuderedzwa nhamba yezviteshi zvekuchaja kana ichiri mota inorema, iyo isingabvumiri motokari dzemagetsi kukura zvakakwana. 

Motokari yemagetsi ndiyo imwe nzira isina kumbonyangarika

Kunyangwe mota dzemagetsi dzaive dzekushandisa kushoma muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, hadzina kumbosiya zvachose mamiriro emotokari.

Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, kushomeka kwemafuta kwakaita kuti zvibvire kudzosa motokari yemagetsi nekutya. Muna 1941, Peugeot yakatanga VLV (Light City Car), motokari yemagetsi yose ine makiromita 80 km, asi zvishoma chete pamusoro pemazana mazana matatu akatengeswa.

Kushaikwa kuri kuwedzera (aluminium, lead, kudzimwa kwemagetsi, nezvimwewo) UYE kurambidzwa kwekugadzirwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi, kwakabudiswa muna 1942. nemurwi weGermany muFrance akaita kuti motokari yemagetsi iparare zvakare.

Yakanga isiri kusvika mukupera kwema1960 apo kufarira mumotokari dzemagetsi kwakamutsidzirwa nekuda kwekufambira mberi mune tekinoroji. kuziva nezvezvakatipoteredza ichiperekedzwa nechido chekuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Muna 1966, American Congress yaizokurudzira kuvaka motokari dzakasvibirira, asi pasina zvakawanda zvinokurumidza kuitika.

Kuchinja-chinja kwemitengo yemafuta kunotevera kuvhunduka kwemafuta muna 1973 kuchasimbisa kuziva kwezvakatipoteredza uku uye kudzosa mota dzemagetsi kumberi kwenzvimbo yemotokari.

Mazhinji prototypes emotokari dzemagetsi anoonekwa pasirese, senge 1974 CityCar muUnited States ine huwandu hwe64 km. Izvi zvinoperekedzwawo nekuita kwezvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya kugamuchirwa muna 1976.Magetsi neHybrid Vehicle Research, Development uye Demonstration Act IUnited States Congress, iyo ine chinangwa chekusimudzira kutsvagisa nekuvandudzwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi nemabhatiri.

Kupera kwezana remakore kunoratidzwa nekukanganisa nguva dzose

Muna 1990, United States yakamisa hurongwa hwekuita chaihwo: kuisa zero emission mota (ZEV) muCalifornia, izvo zvinoda kuti vagadziri vekuAmerica vagone kuwana inokwana 2% yekutengesa kwavo nemota zero emission muna 1998 kuitira kuti vawane mvumo yekutengesa. dzimwe mota (nhamba iyi ichakwira kusvika pa5% muna 2001 uyezve kusvika 10% muna 2003). Ipapo vagadziri vakuru vakatanga modhi dzemotokari dzemagetsi, kunyanya General Motors neEV1. 

MuFrance, hurumende yakatsvaka kubudirira 5% yemotokari dzemagetsi muna 1999... Saka, vagadziri vari kutanga akasiyana prototypes: Renault neZoom muna 1992 ipapo Zvadaro muna 1995, Citroën AX Electric kana Electric Clio.

Zvisinei, kuedza uku kwekutengesa hakuna kubudirira, uye pfungwa yemotokari yemagetsi yakasiiwa zvakare. 

Yakanga isiri kutozosvikira kutanga kwema2000 apo motokari yemagetsi yakanyengedza vatyairi zvakare, uye panguva ino nokusingaperi!