Zvese nezve saizi yeinjini

Mune chinyorwa:

Imwe yeakanyanya hunhu kwete chete mukati memoto injini pachayo, asiwo mota yese ibasa rekushanda remagetsi unit. Izvo zvinonyanya kuenderana neakawanda sei simba injini inokwanisa kusimudzira, kune iyo yakanyanya kumhanya inogoneka kumhanyisa mota. Munyika dzakawanda, ibasa rekushanda kweinjini iyo ndiyo parameter iyo mari yemitero yakasiyana-siyana uye mari inobhadharwa nemuridzi wemotokari inotarirwa. Kukosha kwechimiro ichi kunosimbiswawo nechokwadi chokuti kukosha kwayo mune imwe nzira kana imwe kunowanzoratidzwa muzita remuenzaniso.

Zvakangodaro, havazi vese vatyairi vanonyatsonzwisisa zvinorehwa nekutamisa injini, izvo zvinoenderana nazvo, uye ndeipi injini yekuchinjisa yakanakira mamwe mamiriro ekushanda.

Chii chinonzi injini displacement

Iyo general nheyo yekushanda kwepiston yemukati inopisa injini inogona kurondedzerwa seizvi. Musanganiswa wemafuta nemhepo unopiwa kune masilinda mune imwe chikamu. Ikoko kunotsikirirwa nemapistoni. Mune injini dzepeturu, musanganiswa unodzingirwa nekuda kwemagetsi kubva, mumajini edhiziri, anongodzima nekuda kwekupisa kunopinza kunokonzerwa nekudzvanywa kwakasimba. Kupisa kwemusanganiswa kunokonzera kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwekumanikidzwa uye kudzingwa kwepiston. Anoita kuti tsvimbo yekubatanidza ifambe, iyo inobva yatanga kufamba. Kupfuurirazve, kuburikidza nekutapurirana, kutenderera kwe crankshaft kunoendeswa kumavhiri.

Mukufamba kwayo kudzoreredza, piston inoganhurwa nepamusoro uye pasi yakafa centre. Nhambwe iri pakati peTDC neBDC inonzi stroke yepiston. Kana tikawanza chikamu chemuchinjiko chesilinda nepiston sitiroko, tinowana vhoriyamu yekushanda yecylinder.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, iyo unit yemagetsi ine anopfuura silinda imwe, uye ipapo vhoriyamu yayo yekushanda inotsanangurwa sehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemasilinda ese.

Inowanzo kuratidzwa mumarita, ndicho chikonzero izwi rokuti "displacement" rinowanzoshandiswa. Kukosha kwevhoriyamu kunowanzo kutenderedzwa kusvika pachikamu chegumi cherita. Dzimwe nguva cubic centimita anoshandiswa sechikamu chekuyera, semuenzaniso, kana zvasvika kune midhudhudhu.

Saizi yeinjini uye kupatsanurwa kwemotokari dzakareruka

Chero automaker mumhando yayo yemhando ine mota dzemakirasi akasiyana, saizi, zvigadziriso, zvakagadzirirwa mamiriro akasiyana ekushandiswa, zvinodiwa uye kugona kwemari kwevatengi.

Parizvino, hapana kupatsanurwa kumwe chete kwemota kunoenderana nekukura kweinjini munyika. MuSoviet Union, kwaive nehurongwa hwakakamura injini dzemotokari kuita makirasi mashanu:

• yakawedzera diki nehuwandu hunosvika 1,1 l;
• diki - kubva 1,1 kusvika 1,8 malita;
• pakati - kubva 1,8 kusvika 3,5 malita;
• huru - kubva 3,5 kusvika 5,0 malita uye pamusoro;
• yepamusoro-soro - mukirasi iyi, saizi yeinjini haina kudzorwa.

Kurongeka kwakadaro kwaive kwakakosha kana injini dzemuchadenga dzaifambiswa nepeturu dzainge dzakazara. Iye zvino hurongwa uhu hunogona kunzi huchisina basa, sezvo husingafungi nezvemajini edhiziri, turbocharged units nedzimwe injini dzinoshandisa tekinoroji nyowani.

Dzimwe nguva kupatsanurwa kwakapfava kunoshandiswa, zvichienderana neiyo mota dzakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu. Kubva 1,5 litita kusvika 2,5 litita - yepakati displacement injini. Chero chinhu chisingasviki rita nehafu chinoreva mota diki uye minicars, uye injini dzinopfuura malita maviri nehafu dzinoonekwa dzakakura. Zviri pachena kuti hurongwa uhu hune zvikonzero zvakanyanya.

Kurongeka kweEuropean mota dzevatakuri inodzipatsanura kuita zvikamu zvemusika uye hainyatso kudzora chero tekinoroji paramita. Iyo modhi ndeyeimwe kana imwe kirasi zvichienderana nemutengo, zviyero, kumisikidzwa uye akati wandei zvimwe zvinhu. Asi makirasi pachawo haana hurongwa hwakajeka, izvo zvinoreva kuti kupatsanurwa kunogonawo kunzi kune mamiriro. The classification inotaridzika seizvi:

• A - yakawedzera diki / diki / mota dzemuguta (Mini mota / mota dzeguta);
• B - diki / compact mota (Mota diki / Supermini);
• C - yakaderera yepakati / gorofu kirasi (Medium mota / Compact mota / Diki mhuri mota);
• D - yepakati / yemhuri mota (Hombe mota);
• E - yepamusoro yepakati / bhizinesi kirasi (Executive mota);
• F - mota dzepamusoro (Mota dzemhando yepamusoro);
• J - SUVs;
• M - minivans;
• S - mitambo coupe / supercars / convertibles / roadsters / gran tourism.

Kana mugadziri achifunga kuti modhi iri pamubatanidzwa wezvikamu, ipapo chiratidzo "+" chinogona kuwedzerwa kune tsamba yekirasi.

Dzimwe nyika dzine masisitimu ega ega, mamwe acho anofunga nezve saizi yeinjini, vamwe havaite.

Displacement uye injini simba

Simba rechikwata chemagetsi rinonyanya kutsanangurwa nehuwandu hwekushanda kwayo. Zvisinei, kutsamira uku hakusi nguva dzose kwakaenzana. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti simba rinoenderanawo neavhareji inoshanda kumanikidza mukamuri yekupisa, pakurasikirwa kwesimba, madhayamita evharuvhu uye mamwe maitiro ekugadzira. Kunyanya, inopesana nehupamhi hwehurefu hwepistoni, iyo inotarirwa nechiyero chezviyero zvetambo yekubatanidza uye majenari emudonzvo we crankshaft.

Pane mikana yekuwedzera simba pasina kuwedzera huwandu hwekushanda kwemasilinda uye pasina kuwedzera kwemafuta ekushandisa. Nzira dzinonyanyozivikanwa ndeyekuisa turbocharging system kana variable valve timing. Asi masisitimu akadaro anowedzera zvakanyanya mutengo wemotokari, uye kana paine kuparara, kugadzirisa kuchave kunodhura zvakanyanya.

Iyo reverse chiitiko zvakare inogoneka - otomatiki kudzikiswa kweinjini simba kana isina kuzara zvizere. Injini umo magetsi anogona kudzima masilinda ega ega atoshandiswa pane dzimwe mota dzekugadzira dzakagadzirwa mhiri kwemakungwa. Upfumi hwemafuta nokudaro hunosvika 20%.

Mukuwedzera, prototypes yeinjini dzinopisa dzakagadzirwa, simba rayo rinogadziriswa nekushandura kureba kwepistoni.

Chii chimwe chinokanganisa huwandu hwekushanda

Iyo yekumhanyisa dynamics yemota uye kumhanya kwakanyanya kwainokwanisa kusimudzira kunoenderana nekufambiswa kweinjini yekupisa yemukati. Asi pano, zvakare, pane kumwe kutsamira pane iyo paramita ye crank mechanism.

Uye zvechokwadi, kutamiswa kwechikwata kunokanganisa mutengo wemotokari, uyezve, zvakanyanya. Uye hazvisi zvekungowedzera mutengo wekugadzira injini pachayo. Kuti ushande neinjini ine simba rakawanda, giya bhokisi rakakomba rinodiwa zvakare. Motokari ine simba inoda mamwe mabhureki anoshanda nesimba. Zvakawanda zvakaoma, zvine simba uye zvinodhura zvakanyanya zvichave iyo jekiseni system, kutungamira, kutapurirana uye kumiswa. zvichava pachena zvakare kudhura zvakanyanya.

Kushandiswa kwemafuta munyaya yakawanda kunotarirwawo nehukuru hwemasilinda: iyo yakakura, iyo inonyanya kuipa motokari ichava. Zvisinei, hazvisi zvose zvakajeka-zvakatemwa pano zvakare. Nekufamba kwakanyarara kutenderedza guta, mota diki dzinodya dzinenge 6 ... 7 malita epeturu pa100 km. Kumotokari dzine injini yepakati-kati, kushandiswa i9 ... 14 malita. Injini hombe "kudya" 15 ... 25 malita.

Nekudaro, mune yakanyanya kuomesesa traffic mamiriro mumotokari diki, iwe kazhinji unofanirwa kuchengetedza yakakwira injini kumhanya, gasi, chinja kune yakaderera magiya. Uye kana motokari yakatakurwa, uye kunyange air conditioner iri, ipapo kushandiswa kwemafuta kuchawedzera zvakanyanya. Panguva imwecheteyo, acceleration dynamics ichaitawo kuwedzera zvakanyanya.

Asi kana iri yekufamba mumigwagwa yenyika, nekumhanya kwe90 ... 130 km / h, mutsauko mukushandiswa kwemafuta emotokari dzine injini dzakasiyana dzekuchinjisa hauna kunyanya.

Zvakanakira nekuipira kweICE ine hombe uye diki vhoriyamu

Pakusarudza motokari yekutenga, vazhinji vanotungamirirwa nemhando dzine injini huru. Kune vamwe inyaya yemukurumbira, kune vamwe isarudzo isingazive. Asi unoda motokari yakadaro chaizvoizvo here?

Kuwedzera kwekutamiswa kune hukama zvakanyanya nesimba repamusoro, uye izvi, hongu, zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kune zvakanakira. Iyo injini ine simba inokutendera iwe kuti ikurumidze nekukurumidza uye unzwe uine chivimbo paunenge uchipfuura, uchichinja nzira uye uchityaira uchikwira, uye mune akasiyana-siyana mamiriro ezvinhu. Mumamiriro emudhorobha akajairwa, hapana chikonzero chekugara uchitenderedza mota yakadai kusvika pakumhanya. Iyo inosanganisirwa air conditioner uye yakazara yakazara yevafambi haizove neyakakoshera kukanganisa kusimba kwemotokari.

Sezvo mahombe- uye epakati-anosimuka mayuniti anoshandiswa, sekutonga, mune isina kunyanyisa modhi, kugona kwavo kunoshanduka kuve kwakanyanya. Somuenzaniso, motokari dzakawanda dzeGermany dzine 5-litre uye kunyange 3-litre injini dzinogona kupa nyore mileage yemamiriyoni emakiromita kana kupfuura pasina. Asi injini dzemotokari diki kazhinji dzinofanirwa kushanda pamuganho wekugona kwavo, izvo zvinoreva kuti kupfeka uye kubvarura, kunyangwe nekunyatsotarisirwa, kunoitika nekukurumidza.

Mukuwedzera, mumwaka unotonhora, vhoriyamu yakakura inobvumira injini kudziya nekukurumidza.

Kune hukuru-hukuru uye dzakakosha kusakosha. Iko kusakosha kukuru kwemhando dzine injini huru ndiyo mutengo wakakwirira, unowedzera zvakanyanya kunyange nekuwedzera kuduku kwekutamisa.

Asi chimiro chemari hachina kuganhurirwa kumutengo wekutenga chete. Iyo yakakura kutamiswa kweinjini, iyo inodhura zvakanyanya kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa kunodhura. Kushandiswa kuchawedzerawo. Kuwanda kwemari yeinishuwarenzi kunoenderana nehuwandu hwekushanda kwechikwata. Zvichienderana nemutemo wazvino, huwandu hwemutero wekutakura hunogonawo kuverengerwa uchifunga nezvekuchinjisa injini.

Kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta kuchawedzerawo mari yekushandisa yemotokari hombe. Naizvozvo, uchivavarira "chikara" chine simba, chekutanga, nyatso ongorora kugona kwako kwemari.

Chinetso chesarudzo

Paunenge uchisarudza mota, zviri nani kudzivirira kirasi A mhando ine injini inokwana 1 litre kana pasi. Motokari yakadaro haikwidziridzike zvakanaka, haina kunyatsokodzera kudarika, iyo mune dzimwe nguva inogona kuva nengozi. Muchina wakatakura uchanyatsoshaya simba. Asi kana iwe uchizokwira wega, usanzwa kushuva kwekusava nehanya, uye iwe uri kupera mari, saka iyi sarudzo inogamuchirwa. Kushandiswa kwemafuta uye mari yekushandisa ichave yakaderera, asi hazvina kukosha kuverenga pane refu-isina dambudziko kushanda kweinjini.

Kune vatyairi vazhinji vasina zvikwereti zvakawedzerwa, sarudzo yakanakisa ingave yekirasi B kana C mota yakashongedzerwa neinjini ine kusimuka kwe1,3 ... 1,6 malita. Motokari yakadaro inotova nesimba rakanaka uye panguva imwe chete haiparadzi muridzi nemafuta akawandisa. Motokari yakadaro ichakubvumira kuti unzwe uine chivimbo zvakakwana mumigwagwa yeguta uye kunze kweguta.

Kana mari ichibvumira, zvakakosha kutenga motokari ine simba re 1,8 kusvika 2,5 litita. Zvikwata zvakadaro zvinowanzowanikwa mukirasi D. Kukurumidza kubva pachiedza chemotokari, kudarika mumugwagwa mukuru kana kukwira kwenguva refu hakuzopi dambudziko. Iyo yakasununguka modhi yekushanda inovimbisa kusimba kwakanaka kwemota. Kazhinji, iyi ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yemotokari yemhuri. Ichokwadi, mutengo wemafuta uye kushanda uchakwira zvishoma.

Avo vanoda simba rakanaka, asi vanoda kuchengetedza mafuta, vanofanira kunyatsotarisa mamodheru ane turbocharger. Iyo turbine inokwanisa kuwedzera injini simba ne40 ... 50% nehukuru hweinjini uye kushandiswa kwemafuta. Chokwadi, turbocharged unit inoda kushanda kwakaringana. Zvikasadaro, sosi yayo inogona kuganhurirwa. Iyi nuance inofanirwa kuverengerwa kana uchitenga mota yakashandiswa.

Nekushandisa kunze kwemugwagwa, haugone kuita pasina chidimbu chine simba chine huwandu hwe3,0 ... 4,5 litita. Pamusoro peSUVs, mota dzakadai dzakaiswa pabhizinesi kirasi uye mota dzepamusoro. Haasi munhu wese anokwanisa kutenga mota idzi, tisingarevi kuti havi yavo yemafuta yakakwira zvakanyanya.

Zvakanaka, avo vane mari isingaperi havatarise kune zvidiki zvakadaro. Uye havakwanisi kuverenga chinyorwa ichi. Nokudaro, hazvina musoro kupa mazano pamusoro pekutenga motokari ine unit displacement ye5 litita kana kupfuura.