Tsaona yemumugwagwa: pfungwa, vatori vechikamu, mhando

Tsaona yemumugwagwa itsaona inobatanidza motokari imwe kana kupfuura. Vanhu vazhinji vachapa mhinduro yakafanana, vangave varidzi vemotokari kana kushandisa zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji, uye vanozongove vakarurama. Tsaona ipfungwa yepamutemo ine zvakati wandei uye huwandu hwezvinhu.

Pfungwa yenjodzi yemumugwagwa

Zviri mushoko rekuti "tsaona yemumugwagwa" zvinoburitswa padanho remutemo uye hazvigone kutariswa neimwe chirevo.

Njodzi chiitiko chakaitika panguva yekufamba kwemotokari mumugwagwa uye nekubatanidzwa kwayo, umo vanhu vakaurayiwa kana kukuvadzwa, motokari, zvivakwa, nhumbi dzakakuvadzwa, kana kumwe kukuvadzwa kwezvinhu kwakakonzerwa.

Art. 2 yeFederal Law yaDecember 10.12.1995, 196 Nha. XNUMX-FZ "Pakuchengetedzwa Kwemigwagwa"

Tsanangudzo yakafanana inopiwa mundima 1.2 yeMitemo yeMugwagwa (SDA), yakagamuchirwa neChirevo cheHurumende yeRussian Federation yaOctober 23.10.1993, 1090 N XNUMX. Muchirevo chepamusoro, pfungwa inoshandiswa mune mamwe mitemo, zvibvumirano. (hull, OSAGO, kurojesa / kukodha kwemotokari, nezvimwewo.) uye mukugadziriswa kwematare.

Zviratidzo zvetsaona

Kuti tsaona ikwanise kuita tsaona yemumugwagwa, zvinotevera zvinofanirwa kusangana panguva imwe chete:

1. Chiitiko chacho chinofanira kuenderana nemaitiro echiitiko. Mupfungwa yepamutemo, chiitiko chiitiko chaicho chisingabvi pakuda kwemunhu. Asi kana izvo zvinonzi zviitiko zvakakwana zvikaitika uye zvichikura zvakasarudzika kubva pamaitiro uye zvinangwa zveanotora chikamu muhukama (zviitiko zvechisikigo, kufamba kwenguva, nezvimwewo), ipapo zviitiko zvehukama, izvo zvinosanganisira tsaona, zvinomuka nekuda zviito kana kusaita kwemunhu uye zvichaitika mune ramangwana asina kutora chikamu chake. Kupfuura nechiedza chetraffic (chiito) kana kusashandisa emergency braking (kusaita) kunoitika pakuda uye nekutora chikamu kwemutyairi, uye mhedzisiro (mechani kukuvara kwemotokari nezvimwe zvinhu, kukuvara kana kufa kwevanhu) zvinoitika. semhedzisiro yemitemo yefizikisi uye shanduko mumuviri weakabatwa.
   

   Kukundikana kweasphalt pasi pemotokari ndeimwe yemamiriro mashomanana apo njodzi inoitika zvachose pasina chido uye kubatanidzwa kwemutyairi.
2. Tsaona inoitika mota ichifamba. Inenge motokari imwe chete inofanira kufamba. Kukuvadzwa kwemotokari yakamira nechinhu chiri kubhururuka kubva pamotokari inopfuura ichava tsaona, kunyange dai pasina munhu mumotokari yakakuvadzwa, uye kudonha kwechando kana bazi pamotokari yakasara pachivanze kunoonekwa sekukonzera. kukuvadzwa kwedzimba uye masevhisi enharaunda, varidzi vezvivakwa, nezvimwe.
3. Tsaona iyi inoitika muroad. Mitemo yemumigwagwa inotsanangura kufambiswa kwemigwagwa sehukama huripo mukufamba kwekufambisa vanhu nenhumbi mumigwagwa. Mugwagwa, zvakare, inzvimbo yakanyatsogadzirirwa kufamba kwemotokari, iyo inosanganisirawo migwagwa, mataramu, nzira dzinopatsanura uye migwagwa (clause 1.2 yeSDA). Nharaunda yepedyo (mavanze, isiri-munzira yechivanze, nzvimbo dzekupaka, nzvimbo dzezviteshi zvepeturu, nzvimbo dzekugara uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakafanana dzisina kurongedzerwa kuburikidza netraffic) haisi migwagwa, asi traffic munzvimbo dzakadai dzinofanira kuitwa mukutevedza traffic. mitemo. Saizvozvo, zviitiko zvakaitika pavari zvinoonekwa setsaona. Kudhumhana kwemota mbiri pabani kana muchando cherwizi haisi tsaona. Mhosva mukukonzera kukanganisa ichagadziriswa zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo pamusana pemitemo yehurumende.
   

   Tsaona dzekunze kwemumugwagwa hadzionekwi setsaona yemumugwagwa.
4. Chiitiko ichi chinosanganisira ingangoita mota imwe chete - mudziyo wehunyanzvi wakagadzirwa semudziyo wekufambisa vanhu uye / kana zvinhu munzira. Motokari inogona kushandiswa (mechanical motokari) kana kutungamirirwa nedzimwe nzira (simba retsandanyama, mhuka). Mukuwedzera kune motokari pachayo (terekta, imwe motokari inotungamirirwa), mitemo yemigwagwa inosanganisira mabhasikoro, mopeds, midhudhudhu uye trailer kumotokari (clause 1.2 yemitemo yemigwagwa). Tarakita yekufamba-shure ine yakakosha trailed midziyo haisi mota, sezvo, maererano neyekutanga dhizaini pfungwa, haina kuitirwa migwagwa yemumugwagwa, kunyangwe inokwanisa kutakura vanhu nezvinhu. Bhiza, nzou, mbongoro uye dzimwe mhuka haisi motokari mukunzwisisa kwemitemo yemigwagwa nekuda kwekuti haigoni kuonekwa sechigadzirwa chekugadzira, asi ngoro, ngoro uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana izvo dzimwe nguva zvinowanikwa mumigwagwa zvakanyatsoenderana. kune maitiro emotokari. Zviitiko zvinosanganisira mota dzekunze zvakadaro zvichatorwa setsaona.
   

   Motoblock tsaona haisi tsaona
5. Chiitiko chinofanirwa kugara chine zvinhu uye / kana mhedzisiro yemuviri nenzira yekukuvara kana kufa kwevanhu, kukuvadzwa kwemotokari, zvivakwa, kutakura zvinhu, kana chero kumwe kukuvadzwa kwezvinhu. Kukuvadza kune fence yekushongedza, somuenzaniso, ichava njodzi kunyange kana pasina scratch yakasara pamotokari. Kana motokari yakadonhedza munhu aifamba netsoka, asi haana kukuvadzwa, chiitiko chacho hachigoni kunzi mutsaona, iyo isingabatanidzi kukanganisa kwemitemo yemigwagwa nemutyairi. Panguva imwecheteyo, kana munhu anofamba netsoka akapwanya foni yake kana kutyora bhurugwa rake nekuda kwekubonderana, chiitiko chinoenderana nezviratidzo zvetsaona, sezvo paine mhedzisiro yezvinhu. Kuisa chiitiko setsaona, chero kukuvadzwa kwemuviri hakuna kukwana. Mitemo yekurekodha tsaona, yakagamuchirwa neChirevo cheHurumende yeRussian Federation ye29.06.1995 No. 647 N 218.6.015-r, zvine chekuita netsaona dzemumugwagwa inoonekwa:
   • akakuvara - munhu akagamuchira kukuvadzwa kwemuviri, semugumisiro wekuti akaiswa muchipatara kwenguva inenge zuva 1 kana kuti aida kurapwa kunze (clause 2 yeMitemo, clause 3.1.10 yeODM);
   • akafa - munhu akafa zvakananga panzvimbo yenjodzi kana kuti kwete mushure memazuva makumi matatu kubva pamigumisiro yekukuvara kwakagamuchirwa (clause 30 yeMitemo, clause 2 yeODM).

Kukosha kwekukodzera chiitiko setsaona

Kufanirwa chaikoiko kwetsaona setsaona yemumugwagwa kwakakosha mukugadzirisa nyaya dzemhosva yemutyairi uye muripo wekukuvara. Mukuita, hapana akawanda mamiriro ezvinhu umo kupihwa kwakaringana kwechiitiko kune tsaona kunogadzirisa kugadzirisa gakava, asi ichokwadi. Hazvibviri kuzvigadzirisa pasina kunzwisisa kukosha kwetsaona yemotokari. Kuti zvijeke, ngatitarisei mienzaniso mishoma.

Muenzaniso wekutanga une chekuita nemutyairi ari kubva panzvimbo yaitikira tsaona. Paaifamba nenhendeshure achimhanya zvishoma, mutyairi anorova munhu aifamba netsoka, izvo zvakaita kuti munhu adonhe. Munguva yekuongorora kwekutanga, hapana kukuvadzwa kwakawanikwa, mamiriro ehutano anoramba akanaka. Zvipfeko nezvimwe zvinhu hazvina kuparadzwa. Munhu aifamba netsoka haana chaakataura kumutyairi, chiitiko chakapera nekukumbira ruregerero nekuyananisa. Vatori vechikamu vakapararira, pakanga pasina chikumbiro kumapurisa emigwagwa nekubvumirana. Pashure penguva yakati, aifamba netsoka akatanga kukumbira zvinhu kumutyairi maererano nechitarisiko chemarwadzo kana kukuvara kwezvinhu zvakawanikwa, achityisidzira kumuunza kururamisiro pasi peChikamu 2 cheArt. 12.27 yeCode of Administrative Offences yeRussian Federation (kubva panzvimbo yetsaona). Chirango chemhosva yekutyora chakakomba - kunyimwa kodzero kusvika kumakore 1,5 kana kusungwa kusvika kumazuva gumi nemashanu. Kugadziriswa kwakanaka kwenyaya kunokwanisika chete nekukodzera kwakaringana kwechiitiko. Kana chiitiko chacho chisingasviki zviratidzo zvetsaona maererano nemigumisiro, mutoro unobviswa. Dambudziko riri pakuti migumisiro yemuviri inogona kuonekwa gare gare.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro anogona kurongwa nechinangwa chekuwedzera kubira mari. Vanyengeri vanopa zvapupu zvechiitiko chacho uye kunyange vhidhiyo yechiitiko chacho. Kutarisana nezviito zvisiri pamutemo, haufanirwe kuvimba nesimba rako chete. Zvakaoma zvikuru kubuda mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro pasina betsero inokwaniriswa.

Chechipiri, kana kufanirwa kwechiitiko setsaona kuchikosha kwakakosha, muripo wekukanganisa. Iyo inshuwarisi yakapinda muchibvumirano cheCASCO pasi pechirongwa chakakosha, maererano neiyo iyo insured ngozi inongova tsaona, pasinei nemhosva yeinishuwarenzi mukukonzera kukanganisa. Paanopinda muvhu rakakomberedzwa nechivako chekugara (suburban house, dacha, etc.), mutyairi akasarudza zvisiri izvo iyo lateral interval uye akaita lateral kudhumhana nemapapiro egedhi, mota yakakuvadzwa. Kubhadhara kwekukuvadzwa neinishuwarenzi kunokwanisika kana njodzi yacho inokodzera senjodzi yemotokari. Mukova wenzvimbo yacho unowanzoitwa kubva mumugwagwa kana munharaunda yakatarisana, maererano nechiitiko chakaitika panguva yekupinda kwakadaro, mumaonero angu, zvakajeka tsaona uye inshurensi inosungirwa kubhadhara.

Mamiriro acho akanyanya kuoma apo chiitiko nemotokari chakaitika mukati menzvimbo yenzvimbo. Zviitiko zvakadaro, zvinoratidzika, hazvifanirwe kutorwa setsaona. Nharaunda iri padyo haina kuitirwa kwete kungopfuura chete, asiwo yetraffic kazhinji, uye nekudaro haigone kutorwa semugwagwa kana nharaunda iri padyo nemugwagwa.

Vhidhiyo: chii chinonzi njodzi

Chii chinonzi tsaona?

Zvikamu zvevakapinda mutsaona yemumugwagwa

Pfungwa yemunhu anenge apinda mutsaona haina kuburitswa mumutemo, asi zviri pachena kuti inotevera kubva kune philological zvinoreva chirevo. Vanhu chete ndivo vanogona kuve nhengo. Mitemo yemugwagwa inosimbisa zvikamu zvinotevera (clause 1.2 yeSDA):

• mutyairi - munhu anotyaira motokari, mutyairi anotungamirira mhuka dzinotakura, akatasva mhuka kana boka mumugwagwa (kudzidzisa kutyaira kunofananidzwa nemutyairi);
• mutasvi webhasikoro - munhu anodzora bhasikoro;
• mufambi - munhu, kunze kwemutyairi, ari mumotokari (pairi), uyewo munhu anopinda mumotokari (anopinda pairi) kana kusiya motokari (anobva pairi);
• anofamba netsoka - munhu ari kunze kwemotokari mumugwagwa kana munzira yevanofamba netsoka kana bhasikoro uye asingashande pazviri (vanofamba netsoka vanofananidzwa nevanhu vanofamba muwiricheya vasina injini, kutyaira bhasikoro, moped, mudhudhudhu, kutakura chireyi, ngoro, wiricheya yevana kana isingashande, pamwe nekushandisa roller skates, scooters uye dzimwe nzira dzakafanana dzekufamba).

Kudhumhana kwengoro itsaona inobatanidza motokari mbiri.

Nezve tsaona uye maererano nayo, mamwe mazano anoshandiswa:

• muridzi wemotokari (muridzi wemotokari) - muridzi kana chero mumwe munhu ane mota zviri pamutemo (rendi, manejimendi ehupfumi, nezvimwewo);
• ane mhosva yenjodzi (muiti wetsaona) - munhu ane mhosva yakaitika njodzi;
• ane mhosva yekukonzera kukanganisa (muiti wekukuvadza) - munhu uyo, semugumisiro wetsaona, akakonzera kukuvadza kuhupenyu uye hutano kana pfuma kukuvadza (kazhinji zvakafanana nemhosva yenjodzi, asi dzimwe nguva mutyairi anogona kuwanikwa ane mhosva; semuenzaniso, makanika akaburitsa mota yakashata mundege, muridzi wemhuka dzemumba, achivabvumira kupinda mumugwagwa, nezvimwewo);
• nyakukuvadzwa - munhu ane hupenyu nehutano kana midziyo yakakuvadzwa (munhu anenge akuvadzwa anowanzonzi munhu anenge angokuvadzwa pfuma chete, kusiyana neakabatwa);
• akabatwa - munhu ane hupenyu uye hutano hwakakuvadzwa.

Zvikonzero zvikuru zvetsaona dzemumugwagwa

Njodzi zhinji dzetsaona dzinoitika nekuda kwezvikonzero, muzere kana muchidimbu. Mune imwe nzira kana imwe, kukanganisa kwemuiti wechiitiko chacho kunenge kuripo nguva dzose. Kunze kunogona kuva zviitiko apo njodzi dzinoitika sechikonzero chechimwe chinangwa uye chakasununguka zvachose kune zviitiko zvevanhu: kuderera kweasphalt pasi pemotokari inopfuura, mheni inorova motokari, nezvimwewo. Mhuka yakamhanyira mumugwagwa, makomba nemakomba, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekunze, izvo munhu angadai akatarisira uye kudziviswa, hazvirangarirwe sezvikonzero zvetsaona chete. Muchiitiko chakanakisisa, kunze kwekutyora kwemigwagwa kunoitwa nemutyairi, semuenzaniso, kukanganisa nemigwagwa yemitemo yemitemo nemirairo yekugadzirisa mugwagwa inotangwa. Kukanganisa kwemotokari hakusiwo chikonzero chekuzvimiririra chetsaona, sezvo mutyairi anosungirwa kutarisa uye kuona kuti motokari iri mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka munzira isati yaenda (clause 2.3.1 yeSDA).

Kune akati wandei mitemo yepasirese mumitemo yetraffic inobvumidza iwe kumisa mhosva yemutyairi munenge mutsaona chero ipi zvayo. Semuyenzaniso, clause 10.1 yeSDA - mutyairi anofanira kusarudza kumhanya mukati memiganhu yakadaro kuti ave nechokwadi chekutonga pamusoro pekufamba, clause 9.10 yeSDA - mutyairi anofanira kutarisa nguva yemotokari kumberi uye kupindirana kweparutivi, nezvimwewo. Njodzi chete kuburikidza nekukanganisa kwevanofamba netsoka dzinoitika muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki uye zvinogoneka, zvichida, chete nekubuda kusingatarisirwi kumugwagwa munzvimbo isiri iyo kana parobhoti rinorambidza.

Mune imwe nyaya, dare rakawana mutyairi ane mhosva yekutyora clause 10.1 yemitemo yemigwagwa, paakanga achifamba munzira ine chando achimhanya 5-10 km / h, akatadza kudzora uye akabvumira mota kuti skid, ichiteverwa ne kudhumhana. Mhosva yemasevhisi emigwagwa mukugadzirisa zvisina kunaka kwemugwagwa haina kusimbiswa. Dare rakaona kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu aya mutyairi akasarudza sipidhi isiriyo. Nharo dzekuti mota (GAZ 53) yaisakwanisa kufamba nekumhanya kwakaderera nekuda kwemaitiro ekugadzira, dare harina kuona seyakakodzera kutariswa - kana paine njodzi, mutyairi anofanira kushandisa matanho ese ekuderedza kukurumidza kusvika. kumira kwakakwana kwemotokari.

Inenge tsaona imwe neimwe inoitika nekuda kwekutyorwa kwemitemo yemumigwagwa nemutyairi.

Saka, chikuru uye chikuru chinokonzera tsaona kutyorwa nemutyairi weMitemo yeMugwagwa. Kurongeka kwakadzama kunogoneka zvichibva pamitemo yetraffic chaiyo. Zvikonzero zvikuru zvinosanganisira:

1. Kutyora kweyekumhanyisa muganhu (clause 10.1 yeSDA). Kazhinji, vatyairi vanovhiringa sarudzo isiriyo yekumhanya nekupfuura iyo inobvumirwa kukosha kwenzvimbo yakapihwa (ndima 10.2 - 10.4 yeSDA) kana yakatemwa neakakodzera masaini emumugwagwa. Muchokwadi, kusarudzwa kwakaringana kwekumhanyisa modhi hakubvi pane zviratidziro uye kunotemerwa zvichienderana nemamiriro azvino. Iyo pachayo, kupfuura iyo yakanyanya kumhanya inobvumidzwa haigone kutungamirira kune tsaona, tsaona inoitika nekuda kwekusakwanisa kumira mune yakasarudzwa yekutyaira mode. Mutyairi wemotokari inofamba nekumhanya kwe100 km / h muguta anogona kuwana nguva yekubhureki kana kufambisa nekuonekwa kwakakwana uye mugwagwa wakasununguka, nepo ichimhanya 30 km / h pane ice asphalt, kana braking, mota ichaita. kutadza kuzvidzora uye kubonderana neimwe mota. Iyo mabhureki kureba pane yakanyorova asphalt inowedzera kusvika imwe nehafu nguva, uye munzira ine ice-crusted - 4-5 nguva zvichienzaniswa neasphalt yakaoma.
2. Kusimuka kuenda kune rinorambidza robhoti kana traffic controller. Mamiriro ezvinhu nemigumisiro yekuputsika kwakadaro zvakajeka.
3. Sarudzo isiriyo yenguva yekufamba kumotokari iri pamberi kana parutivi. Kamwe kamwe mabhureki emotokari iri kumberi kazhinji handicho chinokonzera tsaona. Mutyairi ari kumashure anofanira kusarudza chinhambwe chakachengeteka chinomubvumira kuti amire panguva yenjodzi. Kakawanda, vatyairi vanoedza kunzvenga kubonderana nemotokari yepamberi nokuifambisa uye kubonderana nemotokari inofamba ichienda kune mumwe mugwagwa wakananga kumwe cheteko, kana kuti kutyaira ichipinda munzira iri kuuya. Mitemo yetraffic haipi mukana wekufamba kana paine njodzi. Zviito zvemutyairi zvinongove zvakanangana nekuderedza kasi kusvika pakumira.
4. Kusimuka kuenda kunzira iri kuuya (clause 9.1 yeSDA). Zvikonzero zvekusiya zvinogona kunge zvakapfuura mukutyora mitemo, kuedza kudzivirira kudhumhana nechipingamupinyi chamuka pamberi, sarudzo isiriyo yenzvimbo yemotokari munzira isina mamaki, zviito zvemaune, nezvimwe.
5. Kutyorwa kwemitemo yekutendeuka (clause 8.6 yeSDA). Nhamba yakakosha yevatyairi vanotyora mitemo yekutendeuka pamharadzano. Pakupera kwekufambisa, motokari inofanira kunge iri mumugwagwa wayo, asi chaizvoizvo, chikamu chechikamu chinoitwa mumugwagwa unouya, zvichiita kuti pave nekudhumhana nemotokari iri kuuya.
6. Kumwe kutyorwa kwemigwagwa.

Mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anowanzo kutaurwa sezvikonzero zvetsaona dzemumigwagwa ichokwadi zvinhu zvinowedzera mukana wechiitiko kana zvimwe zvikonzero. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

1. Mamiriro emuviri wemutyairi. Kuneta, hutano husina kunaka hunoderedza kuterera uye kunonoka kuita. Kune vatyairi vemabhazi, kusanganisira emadhorobha, marori uye mamwe mapoka, nzira yakakosha yebasa inopihwa, iyo inoreva kuzorora kwekumanikidzwa pakati pendege uye panguva yerwendo. Kutyorwa kwetsika dzakatarwa ndechimwe chezvikonzero zvinokanganisa kuwanda kwenjodzi. Kurambidzwa kwakananga kwekutyaira munzvimbo inorwara kana kuneta, pamwe nekudhakwa, iri muchikamu 2.7 cheSDA.
2. zvinokanganisa zvinhu. Mumhanzi une ruzha, kunyanya kuteerera mahedhifoni, ruzha rwekunze uye hurukuro mukamuri, kuteerera vafambi (somuenzaniso, vana vadiki) kana mhuka dziri mukati memotokari dzinokanganisa mutyairi kubva pakutonga kwemotokari. Izvi hazvibvumiri kupindura panguva yakakodzera kumamiriro ekuchinja.
   

   Kuita zvinhu zvisiri izvo paunenge uchityaira inzira yakavimbika yokupinda nayo mutsaona
3. Weather. Vane maitiro akasiyana-siyana uye akawanda maitiro patraffic. Mvura nechando zvinoderedza kuoneka uye kufamba kweasphalt, mhute inogona kuderedza kuonekwa kwemugwagwa kusvika kumakumi emamita zvichienzaniswa nemakiromita akawanda mumamiriro ekunze akajeka, zuva rinopenya rinopofumadza mutyairi, nezvimwewo. kusvika kuneta nekukurumidza.
4. Mamiriro emumugwagwa inyaya inodiwa nevatyairi. Mukurongeka, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mumakore achangopfuura kureba kwakakosha kwezvose zviri zviviri migwagwa nemigwagwa yemuguta kwakagadziridzwa uye kudzoreredzwa, asi dambudziko rakakura zvekuti hazvisati zvave zvakakodzera kutaura nezvemhando inogutsa kazhinji. Zvinobatsira kuti mutyairi ayeuke zvimwe zvinongedzo zvinotenderwa zvekukanganisa kwemugwagwa (GOST R 50597-93), kana paine kutsauka kubva kwazvinogoneka kuunza mugwagwa uye mamwe masevhisi akakodzera kune mutoro wetsaona dzemumugwagwa:
   • hupamhi hwegomba rakasiyana - 60 cm;
   • kureba kwegomba rimwe chete masendimita gumi nemashanu;
   • kudzika kwegomba rimwe chete masendimita mashanu;
   • kutsauka kwegirati remvura inopinza kubva pachiyero chetireyi - 3 cm;
   • kutsauka kwechifukidzo chegomba kubva pamwero wekuvhara - 2 cm;
   • kutsauka kwemusoro wenjanji kubva pakupfeka - 2 cm.
5. Doro, zvinodhaka kana kudhaka zvine chepfu. Kuputsa kwechikamu 2.7 chemitemo yemigwagwa pachayo haigoni kutungamirira kunjodzi, asi mamiriro ekudhakwa ane mhedzisiro yakaipa pakuita kwemunhu uye kurongeka, uye inodzivirira kuongororwa kwakakwana kwemamiriro emotokari. Nekuda kwemaitiro ezvemitemo nemagariro evanhu, mutyairi akadhakwa angangove "anounzwa" kune mutoro wetsaona uye kukuvara kwakakonzerwa, kunyangwe kana asingaite kumwe kutyora kwemigwagwa uye njodzi inoitika nekuda kwezviito. yemumwe mutori wechikamu.
   

   Mamiriro ekudhakwa anokanganisa maitiro uye kukwana kwemutyairi

Zvimwe zvinokonzeresa tsaona dzemumigwagwa zvinosanganisira kusatarisisa kwemhuka dzemumba, zvakaitwa nemhuka dzesango, maitikiro azvakaita, kusachengetwa zvakanaka kwezvinhu zviri pedyo nemigwagwa (somuenzaniso, kana miti, mapango, zvivakwa, nezvimwewo zvichiwira mumugwagwa) nezvimwe. mamiriro ezvinhu, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya njodzi yetsaona. Zvinhu zviri kupawo zvinosanganisira kusakwana kudzidziswa kwevatyairi muzvikoro zvekutyaira, uye kukanganisa mumagadzirirwo emotokari. Vatsigiri vedzidziso dzeesoteric vanogona kuona karma muchikonzero chetsaona, asi ichi chatova hunyanzvi.

Mhando dzetsaona dzemumigwagwa

Mudzidziso uye kuita, pane akati wandei sarudzo dzekukodzera tsaona. Zvichienderana nekuoma kwemhedzisiro, zviitiko zvakakamurwa:

• nemugumisiro unouraya, tichifunga nezvepfungwa yakambopiwa yemunhu akafa pamusana petsaona;
• nekukuvara kwemuviri;
• nekukuvara kwezvinhu.

Zvinoenderana nekuoma kwemhedzisiro, njodzi dzinosiyaniswa, izvo zvinosanganisira:

• kukuvara kwezvinhu;
• kukuvadzwa kwemuviri wakareruka - kusagadzikana kwehutano kwenguva pfupi kana kurasikirwa kudiki zvachose kwese kugona kushanda (chinyorwa 1 kune chinyorwa 12.24 cheCode of Administrative Offences yeRussian Federation);
• kukuvara kwepakati-dhigirii remuviri - chirwere chisiri-chinotyisa chehupenyu kwenguva refu kana kurasikirwa kukuru kwechigarire chekugona kushanda neasingasviki chikamu chimwe muzvitatu (chinyorwa 2 kune chinyorwa 12.24 cheCode of Administrative Offences yeRussian Federation);
• kukuvara kwakakomba kwemuviri - kukuvadzwa kunotyisidzira hupenyu, kurasikirwa nekuona, kutaura, kunzwa kana chero nhengo kana kurasikirwa kwemabasa ayo nenhengo, kubvisa pamuviri, kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka kana kushandisa zvinodhaka, kusatarisika zvachose kwechiso, kurasikirwa kukuru zvachose. yehuwandu hwekushanda nesimba kweinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu, kurasikirwa kwakakwana kwehunyanzvi hwekuita basa (Chirevo cheHurumende yeRussian Federation yeAugust 17.08.2007, 522 No. XNUMX);
• rufu rwemunhu akabatwa;
• kunyanya migumisiro yakakomba (kufa kwevanhu 4 kana kupfuura, kukuvara kwe15 kana kupfuura vanhu).

Kuoma kwekukuvara kwemuviri kunotsanangurwa nekuongororwa kwechiremba.

Nechimiro chechiitiko, vanosiyanisa (Appendikisi G kuODM 218.6.015–2015):

• kudhumhana kwemotokari neimwe neimwe kana nechitima;
• kupidigura - kurasikirwa kwekugadzikana kwete nekuda kwekupokana kana kudhumhana, kubuda kubva mumugwagwa (somuenzaniso, neakanyanya kutsetseka kwemugwagwa, semugumisiro wemhepo inovhuvhuta, nezvimwewo);
• kubonderana nemotokari yakamira;
• kudhumhana nechipingamupinyi (chero chinhu chisingazungunuki, kunze kwemotokari);
• kubonderana nemunhu aifamba netsoka, kusanganisira kana munhu aifamba netsoka adhumhana nemotokari;
• kudhumhana nemutyairi webhasikoro, kusanganisira kana mutyairi webhasikoro akadhumhana nemotokari;
• kudhumhana nemotokari dzinodhonzwa nebhiza (zvose mhuka uye mudziyo waityairwa nadzo), kusanganisira kana zvifambiso zvakadaro zvabonderana nemotokari;
• kudonha kwemufambi ari munzira yekufamba (somuenzaniso, mubhazi);
  

  Munhu anowira mubhazi itsaonawo.
• dzimwe tsaona:
  • kubonderana nedzimwe mhuka, kunze kwemotokari dzinodhonzwa nemabhiza;
  • kubuda mumugwagwa;
  • cargo drop;
  • kudonhedza chinhu;
  • kubonderana nemunhu asiri mufambi netsoka (mupurisa wemumigwagwa, mushandi wemumugwagwa, nezvimwewo).

Zvimwe zvakajairwa, tsaona dzinogona kukamurwa kuita accounting uye isingazvidavirire. Mamiriro acho ari mukuti, maererano nechikamu che3 cheMitemo yeAccounting yeNjodzi, tsaona dzose dziri pasi pekunyoresa, uye chisungo chinopihwa kwete chete kuDhipatimendi Rezvemukati, asiwo zvakananga kune varidzi vemotokari - masangano emutemo, zviremera zvemigwagwa uye varidzi vemigwagwa. Asi iyo State Statistical reporting inosanganisira ruzivo chete nezve tsaona dzakakonzera kufa uye / kana kukuvara kwevanhu (clause 5 yeMitemo), pamwe nezvimwe kunze (kana tsaona yakaitika nekuda kwekuedza kuzviuraya, kukanganisa hupenyu uye hutano. , panguva yemakwikwi emotokari uye vamwe vamwe).

State statistical reporting inobata chete tsaona dzemumugwagwa, semugumisiro wekuti vanhu vafa kana kukuvadzwa

Hazvisi pachena kuti ichi chinodiwa chinosanganiswa sei neArt. 11.1 yeFederal Law yaApril 25.04.2002, 40 Nhamba XNUMX-FZ "PaOSAGO" ine kodzero yekunyora njodzi pasina kubatanidzwa kwemapurisa emigwagwa. Zvisungo zvevaiti veinishuwarenzi hazvibatanidzi kuendeswa kumapurisa eruzivo nezvezviitiko zvakazozivikanwa kwavari, zvakatorwa maererano neiyo inonzi Europrotocol. Zviripachena, huwandu hukuru hwetsaona hunoramba husingazivikanwe kumasangano ezvemukati mezvemukati uye hadzina kuverengerwa mukutarisirwa kuongororwa kwezvikonzero uye mamiriro ekuitika kwetsaona uye nekuvandudza matanho ekudzivirira. Iyi mamiriro ndeimwe kukanganisa kwakakosha kweEuropean protocol, pamwe chete nenyaya yekuti kunyoreswa kwakazvimirira kwetsaona dzemumigwagwa nevatori vechikamu vavo kunobvumira mutadzi kuti adzivise mhosva yekutyora mitemo yemigwagwa.

Muzvinyorwa, pane pfungwa ye "tsaona isingabatanidzi", iyo inoreva chiitiko chinosangana nezviratidzo zvose zvetsaona, asi pasina kupindirana pakati pemotokari dzevatori vechikamu, uye migumisiro inoitika semugumisiro wekukonana. nechinhu kana kubonderana neimwe motokari. Chinhu chinowanzoitika - mutyairi "akacheka" kana kubhureki zvakanyanya, nekudaro achigadzira emergency. Kana njodzi ikaitika semugumisiro, mubvunzo unomuka wekubatanidzwa kwemutyairi akadaro muchiitiko chacho. Mhosva dzekuunza kune mutoro uye kuisa zvisungo zvekubhadhara kukanganisa kwakakonzerwa nekuda kwechiitiko chakatsamwiswa nezviito zvakadaro hazviwanzo.

Kuwanda kwechiitiko ichi kwakakonzera kuunzwa muna Chivabvu 2016 muchikamu 2.7 cheSDA chepfungwa yekutyaira zvine njodzi uye kugadzwa kwekurambidzwa kwevatyairi kuita akati wandei zviito (kudzokororwa kuvakazve, kutyorwa kwedaro uye nguva, nezvimwe. ) Nekuvandudzwa uku, pave nechikonzero chepamutemo chekupa zvichemo zvevatyairi "vanomhanyisa", asi dambudziko riri pakuti vashandisi vemugwagwa vakadaro havafarire kutarisisa tsaona yakaitika uye vakanyarara vachifamba. Hazviiti nguva dzose kuratidza kubatanidzwa kweumwe munhu mukukonzera kukuvadza, kunyange kana zvichikwanisika kugadzirisa nhamba yemotokari uye mamiriro echiitiko chacho.

Iyo data chete yakanyorwa nemapurisa emigwagwa inosanganisirwa muhuwandu

Imwe tsaona chaiyo itsaona yakavanzika. Munhu akaita mhirizhonga yemumigwagwa uye akaita tsaona yemumugwagwa anohwanda kubva panzvimbo. Zvinokwanisika kuratidza kubatanidzwa kwake nekuita ongororo yekutsvaga kana nhamba yemotokari ichizivikanwa. Inomutsawo mubvunzo wekubatanidzwa kwemumwe mutyairi, kana vanhu vanoverengeka vachibvumirwa kutyaira motokari. Sezvineiwo, mamiriro ezvinhu anogoneka kana munhu akabatwa achihwanda kubva panzvimbo.

Zviito mushure menjodzi

Maitiro evatori vechikamu mutsaona mushure menjodzi inotsanangurwa nezvikamu 2.6 - 2.6.1 zveSDA. Kazhinji, vatyairi vanobatanidzwa vanofanirwa ku:

• mira kutyaira uye usiye mota ichimira;
• batidza alarm;
• isa chiratidzo chekumira nekukurumidza;
• siya zvinhu zvese zvine chekuita netsaona munzvimbo dzazvo (chengetedza scree, zvinhu zvinobhururuka uye zvinodonha, nezvimwewo).

Kana paine vakawirwa nenjodzi, zvinosungirwa kuvapa rubatsiro rwekutanga, kufonera amburenzi nemapurisa panhamba dzenhare 103 ne102 kana panhamba imwe chete 112, kana zvichidikanwa, vatumire kunzvimbo yekurapa iri pedyo nechifambiso, uye kana hazviwanikwe, vatore voga vodzokera panzvimbo.

Kuvhura alarm uye kuisa chiratidzo - zviito zvekutanga mushure menjodzi

Vatyairi vanosungirwa kuchenesa mugwagwa mushure mekugadzirisa nzvimbo yekutanga yemotokari (kusanganisira nemifananidzo uye vhidhiyo kudhirowa):

• muchiitiko chekukuvara kana kufa kwevanhu chete mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kudarika kwemamwe motokari kusingakwanisi;
• mukushayikwa kwevanotambudzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kufamba kwedzimwe motokari kwakaoma.

Kana pasina vanhu vakawirwa netsaona, kukakavadzana pakati pevatori vechikamu pamusoro pemamiriro etsaona uye pakukuvara kwakagamuchirwa, vatyairi vane kodzero yekusazivisa mapurisa. Vanogona kusarudza:

• dhiza magwaro panzvimbo yemapurisa yemotokari iri pedyo kana muchikwata chemapurisa, wakambogadzirisa nzvimbo yemotokari;
• gadzira magwaro pasina kufonera mapurisa emigwagwa mune zviitiko zvakapihwa muArt. 11.1 yeFederal Law yaApril 25.04.2002, 40 Nhamba XNUMX-FZ "PaOSAGO";
• usaite chiitiko kana pasina mumwe wevatori vechikamu anoomerera pazviri.

Kana pasina kusawirirana, tsaona isina vakakuvadzwa inogona kupihwa panzvimbo iri pedyo yemapurisa emumigwagwa

Mukushaikwa kwevakabatwa, asi kana paine kusawirirana mumamiriro echiitiko uye nezvekukuvara kwakagamuchirwa, vatori vechikamu vanosungirwa kuzivisa mapurisa emigwagwa uye kumirira kusvika kwechipfeko. Pakugamuchira murairo kubva kumapurisa emigwagwa, chiitiko chacho chinogona kunyoreswa panzvimbo yemapurisa yemigwagwa iri pedyo kana muchikwata chemapurisa nekugadzirisa kwekutanga kwenzvimbo yemotokari.

Muripo wekukuvara uye kusiri pecuniary kukuvara

Tsaona yakabatana zvisingaparadzanisiki nenyaya dzemuripo wekukuvara. Mhosva yekukuvadzwa uye muripo wekukuvadza kusiri kwepecuniary nderemunhu akonzeresa tsaona. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, kukanganisa kwevatori vechikamu muchiitiko kana kukanganisa kwevatyairi vakawanda kunogona kusimbiswa kana tsaona yakawanda yakaitika. Pakubhadharira kukuvara pasi peOSAGO, kukanganisa kwevatori vechikamu vakati wandei kunoonekwa sekuenzana, kudzamara zvaitwa, mubhadharo unoitwa zvakaenzana.

Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti mapurisa emigwagwa haagadziri mhosva mukukonzera kukanganisa uye kunyange mhosva mutsaona. Mapurisa anoratidza uye anoona kutyorwa kweMitemo yemugwagwa muzviito zvevatori vechikamu. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, uyo anotyora mitemo yemigwagwa ane mhosva yekukonzera kukanganisa, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu anokakavadzana, kugadzwa kwemhosva kana chiyero chemhosva zvinokwanisika chete mudare.

Faindi nezvimwe zvirango zvetsaona dzemumugwagwa

Kutyorwa kwemitemo yemumigwagwa hakurevi hazvo kuti imhosva yekutonga. Anotyora haakwanise kuunzwa kumutoro wekutonga kana chinyorwa chinoenderana muCode of Administrative Offences chisina kupihwa kutyora kwaitwa. Muenzaniso wakajairika ndicho chikonzero chinowanzokonzera tsaona - sarudzo isiriyo yekumhanyisa. Nokuda kwezviito zvakadaro, mutoro hauna kusimbiswa, kana panguva imwe chete iyo yakawanda inobvumirwa kukurumidza inopiwa kunharaunda yakapiwa kana yakagadzwa nezviratidzo zvemugwagwa haina kudarika.

Mukusavapo kwemhosva yekutonga muzviito zveanotyora mitemo yemigwagwa, mutoro wekutonga haumuki.

Mundima yekutyorwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemigwagwa, marudzi anotevera ezvirango zvekutonga anoshandiswa:

• yambiro;
• faindi (kazhinji faindi dzinobva pa500 kusvika ku500 rubles);
• kunyimwa kodzero yekutyaira motokari kwenguva yemwedzi 1 kusvika ku24;
• kusunga kusvika kumazuva gumi nemashanu;
• Basa rekumanikidza rinotora kubva pa100 kusvika kumaawa mazana maviri.

Kutyaira akadhakwa nemunhu akapihwa chirango chekutonga nekuda kwemhosva yakafanana kana kuramba kuongororwa nachiremba, mhosva yemhosva inokwanisika kusvika mujeri kwemwedzi inosvika makumi maviri nemana.

Kunyatsoteerera Mitemo yeMugwagwa kunoderedza kusvika pashoma, uye zvichida kubvisa mukana wekupinda mutsaona yemotokari. Pane chitendero chevatyairi vane hunyanzvi hwepamusoro chekuti zviri nyore kunzvenga tsaona nekuda kwekutadza kwemunhu, asi mutyairi chaiye anofanira kukwanisa kunzvenga tsaona nekuda kwekukanganisa kwevamwe vanoshandisa migwagwa. Kuteerera uye kururamisa kuseri kwegumbo kunobvisa matambudziko kwete emutyairi pachake chete, asiwo kune avo vakamupoteredza.