Kupera kweTornado RAF bheji yadzika munhoroondo

Tornado GR.4A (kumberi) ine serial nhamba ZG711 yakatora chikamu muTactical Leadership Program yakavakirwa paFlorennes kuBelgium muna Kukadzi 2006. Ndege yakarasika

mugore rimwe chete nekuda kwekurova kweshiri.

Iyo Tornado yanga iri yekutanga kurwira-bhomba yeRoyal Air Force (RAF) kwemakore makumi mana apfuura. Muchina wekupedzisira werudzi urwu kubva kundege dzehondo muRoyal Air Force yeGreat Britain wakabviswa munaKurume 31 gore rino. Nhasi, maMisheni eTornado ari kutorwa neEurofighter Typhoon FGR.4 uye Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning multipurpose ndege.

Mukuru weVashandi veRoyal Netherlands Air Force, Lieutenant General Berti Wolf, vakatanga chirongwa muna 1967 chakanangana nekutsiva F-104G Starfighter uye dhizaini nyowani yekurwira-bhomba, yaizogadzirwa neEuropean Aviation Indasitiri. Zvichitevera izvi, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy neCanada vakagadzirira chirongwa chekugadzira ndege yekurwisa-mazhinji (MRCA).

Zvidzidzo zveMRCA zvakapedzwa muna Kukadzi 1, 1969. Vaive vakanangana nekugona kurova uye saka ndege nyowani yaifanira kunge ine zvigaro zviviri uye mapatya-injini. Zvichakadaro, Bazi reDziviriro reDutch raida ndege yakareruka, ine injini imwe chete, ine mabasa akawanda ekutenga uye mari yekushandisa. Nekuda kwekupokana, zvisingaenderane zvinodiwa, Netherlands yakabuda muchirongwa cheMRCA muna Chikunguru 1969. Nomutoo wakafanana, Belgium neCanada dzakaita zvimwe chetezvo, asi Federal Republic of Germany yakakumbanira purogiramu yacho panzvimbo pezvo.

Munguva yeHondo Yemashoko, ndege yeTornado GR.1 yakagadziridzwa kuti itakure mabhomba enyukireya ane unyanzvi WE 177. Pasi: ALARM anti-radiation missile.

Kuedza kwevadyidzani kwakanangana nekugadzirwa kwendege yakagadzirirwa kurova pasi pezvinangwa, kuitisa kucherechedzwa, pamwe nemabasa mumunda wekudzivirira kwemhepo uye tsigiro yehunyanzvi hwemauto eNavy. Mafungiro akasiyana akaongororwa, kusanganisira dzimwe nzira kune imwe-injini-yakagadzika-wing ndege.

Iyo ichangobva kuumbwa MRCA consortium yakasarudza kuvaka prototypes; Idzi dzaifanira kunge dziri ndege dzine zvigaro zviviri zvine zvombo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekubhururuka, kusanganisira mabhomba anofambiswa nemhepo. Yekutanga prototype yendege yakadaro yakasimuka kuManching muGermany muna Nyamavhuvhu 14, 1974. Yakagadziridzwa kuitira kuramwa kwepasi. Mapfumbamwe prototypes akashandiswa mukuyedzwa, uyezve mamwe matanhatu ekuyedza akatevedzana ndege. Musi waKurume 10, 1976, sarudzo yakaitwa yekutanga kugadzirwa kwakawanda kweTornado.

Kusvikira Panavia consortium (yakaumbwa neBritish Aerospace, German Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm neItaly Aeritalia) yavaka ndege yekutanga isati yagadzirwa, MRCA yakanzi Tornado. Yakatanga kusimuka muna Kukadzi 5, 1977.

Shanduro yekutanga yeRoyal Air Force yainzi Tornado GR.1 uye yakasiyana zvishoma kubva kuGermany-Italian Tornado IDS ndege. Yekutanga Tornado GR.1 fighter-bomber yakaunzwa kune multinational Trinational Tornado Training Establishment (TTTE) paRAF Cottesmore musi wa 1 Chikunguru 1980.

Chikwata ichi chakadzidzisa vashandi veTornado kune ese matatu nyika dzekudyidzana. Yekutanga RAF line squadron ine Tornado GR.1 yaive Nha. IX (Bomber) Squadron, aimboshanda Avro Vulcan Strategic mabhomba. Muna 1984, yakagadzwa zvizere nemidziyo mitsva.

Mabasa uye tactical uye tekinoroji maficha

Tornado indege yemapatya-injini yakawanda yakagadziridzwa kudzika-kudzika uye kubhomba kwezvinangwa mukati medziviriro yevavengi, pamwe nendege dzekuziva. Kuti ndege iite zvakanaka pakudzika kwakadzika mumabasa ari pamusoro apa, zvaifungidzirwa kuti inofanira kuwana zvose zviri zviviri zvekumhanya kwepamusoro uye kufambisa kwakanaka uye kufambisa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Kune ndege dzinomhanya-mhanya mumazuva iwayo, bapiro re delta raiwanzosarudzwa. Asi rudzi urwu rwebapiro harushandi pakufamba kwakapinza pamhepo yakaderera kana pakakwirira. Kana iri nzvimbo yakaderera, isu tiri kunyanya kutaura pamusoro pekukwevera kwepamusoro kwebapiro rakadaro pamakona akakwirira ekurwisa, izvo zvinotungamirira kukurumidza kurasikirwa kwekukurumidza uye kufambisa simba.

Mhinduro kudambudziko rekuva nekumhanya kwakasiyana-siyana kana uchifambisa munzvimbo dzakaderera dzeTornado yakashanduka kuita bapiro rejometry. Kubva pakutanga kweprojekiti, rudzi urwu rwebapiro rwakasarudzirwa MRCA kuti igadzirise kufambisa uye kukwevera kuderedzwa pakumhanya kwakasiyana pakadzika. Kuti kuwedzere nzvimbo yekuita, ndege iyi yakange yakashongedzerwa ine inopeta yekugamuchira mafuta ekuwedzera mukubhururuka.

Muna 2015, Tornado GR.4 ine serial nhamba ZG750 yakagamuchira mukurumbira 1991 Gulf War pendi basa rinozivikanwa se "Desert Pink". Saka, makore makumi maviri nemashanu ekurwa kwerudzi urwu rwendege muBritish aviation yakapembererwa (Royal International Air Tattoo 25).

Pamusoro pemusiyano wemurwi-bhomba, RAF yakawanawo kureba kwakasiyana kweTornado ADV fighter ine midziyo uye zvombo zvakasiyana, iyo muchimiro chayo chekupedzisira yakanga ine zita rekuti Tornado F.3. Iyi vhezheni yakashandiswa muUK air defense system kwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu, kusvika 25, payakatsiviwa neEurofighter Typhoon multirole ndege.

kuenzanisa

Pakazara, Royal Air Force yaive ne225 Tornado ndege mumhando dzakasiyana dzekurwisa, kunyanya mushanduro GR.1 uye GR.4. Kana iri Tornado GR.4 musiyano, uyu ndiwo musiyano wekupedzisira wasara uchishanda neRAF (kopi yekutanga yemhando iyi yakaunzwa kuBritish Air Force musi wa31 Gumiguru, 1997, yakagadzirwa nekuvandudza mamodheru apfuura), saka munyaya ino tichatarisa pane tsanangudzo yemhando iyi yakasiyana.

Tornado GR.4 fighter-bomber yakagadziridzwa, ichiri kuwedzera masimba ayo ekurwa. Nokudaro, Tornado GR.4 muchimiro chayo chekupedzisira yakasiyana zvikuru neiyo Tornados iyo yakatanga kuvakwa maererano neunyanzvi uye unyanzvi hunodiwa hwakagadzirwa pamagumo e4s. Tornado GR.199 ndege dzakashongedzerwa mbiri Turbo-Union RB.34-103R Mk 38,5 bypass turbojet injini ine kunonyanyisa thrust 71,5 kN uye 27 kN in afterburner. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti uende nehupamhi hwekutakura huremu hwe950 1350 kg uye usvike kumhanya kunosvika 1600 km/h pakudzika uye XNUMX km/h pakakwirira.

Kubhururuka kwendege ndeye 3890 km uye inogona kuwedzerwa ne-in-ndege refueling; siyana mune yakajairwa kurova mishoni - 1390 km.

Zvichienderana nebasa rakaitwa, Tornado GR.4 inogona kutakura Paveway II, III uye IV laser uye satellite-inotungamirirwa mabhomba, Brimstone air-to-ground missiles, Storm Shadow tactical cruise missile, uye zviduku zvinokandwa zvemhepo-kumhepo. ASRAAM kuvharwa kwezvombo. Ndege yeTornado GR.1 yakanga yakashongedzerwa zvachose nemakanononi maviri e27 mm Mauser BK 27 aine 180 rounds per barrel, iyo yakabviswa mushanduro yeGR.4.

Munguva yekutanga yebasa, Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers yeRAF yakapfeka rima rakasvibirira uye grey camouflage.

Pamusoro pezvombo, ndege yeTornado GR.4 inotakura mamwe matangi emafuta anokwana 1500 kana 2250 litres pachipfuramabwe chekunze, Litening III optoelectronic surveillance and guidance tank, Raptor visual reconnaissance tank, uye Sky Shadow inoshanda kupindira redhiyo. system. tangi kana ejector e-anti-radiation uye thermodestructive cartridges. Kuremerwa kwekutakura kwekunze kwendege kumire kunosvika 9000 kg.

Nezvombo izvi uye midziyo yakakosha, Tornado GR.4 fighter-bhomba inogona kurwisa zvose zvinangwa zvinogona kuwanikwa panhandare yehondo yemazuva ano. Kurwisa zvinhu zvine zvinzvimbo zvinozivikanwa, laser uye satellite-inotungamirwa Paveway mabhomba emhuri kana Storm Shadow tactical cruise missile (yezvinangwa zvakakosha kumuvengi) inowanzoshandiswa.

Mukushanda kunosanganisira kutsvaga kwakazvimirira uye kuverengera zvinangwa zvepasi kana munzvimbo dzepedyo dzekutsigira mhepo kumauto epasi, Tornado inotakura musanganiswa wePaveway IV mabhomba uye Brimstone air-to-ground inotungamirwa mabhomba ane mbiri-bhendi homing system (laser uye inoshanda radar) pamwe chete ne optical-electronic unit yekutarisa uye kunanga matangi Litening III.

RAF Tornadoes yakave neakasiyana-siyana ekugadzirisa maitiro kubva pakupinda basa. Iyo GR.1 vhezheni yakauya mucamouflage pateni inoumbwa neolive girini uye grey mavara, asi muhafu yechipiri yemakumi mapfumbamwe ruvara urwu rwakashandurwa kuita grey dema. Panguva yekushanda muIraq muna 1991, chikamu cheTornado GR.1 chakagamuchira ruvara rwepingi nejecha. Mune imwe hondo neIraq muna 2003, Tornado GR.4 yakaitwa grey.

Kuratidzwa muhondo

Munguva yebasa rake refu muRoyal Air Force, iyo Tornado yakatora chikamu mumakakatanwa mazhinji ane zvombo. Tornado GR.1 ndege yakabhabhatidzwa nemoto munguva yeGulf War muna 1991. Vanenge 60 RAF Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers vakatora chikamu muOperation Granby (UK kutora chikamu muOperation Desert Storm) kubva kuMuharraq base muBahrain neTabuk neDhahran muSaudi. Arabia. Arabia.

IBritish "Tornado", inosiyaniswa ne "Arctic" ruvara, yakarongeka yakatora chikamu mukudzidzira muNorway. Mamwe acho aive akashongedzerwa tireyi yekucherekedza ine tambo scanner inoshanda mumakamera e infrared uye aerial.

Munguva pfupi pfupi asi yakasimba yeIraqi mushandirapamwe we1991, Tornado yakashandiswa kurwiswa kwakaderera-kukwira panhandare dzendege dzeIraq. Muzviitiko zvinoverengeka, iyo yakazotevera itsva optical-electronic surveillance uye yakananga cartridge TIALD (thermal imaging airborne laser target designator) yakashandiswa, uko kwaiva kutanga kwekushandiswa kwezvombo zvepamusoro-soro paTornado. Zvinopfuura 1500 mauto akabhururuka, panguva iyo ndege nhanhatu dzakarasika.

18 Tornado F.3 fighters vakapindawo muOperations Desert Shield neDesert Storm kupa kudzivirira kwemhepo kuSaudi Arabia. Kubva ipapo, maBritish Tornadoes anga achingogara achibatanidzwa mukurwisana, kutanga nekushandiswa muBalkans sechikamu chekusimbisa nzvimbo isina nhunzi pamusoro peBosnia neHerzegovina, pamwe nekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kweIraq.

Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers yakapindawo muOperation Desert Fox, kubhomba kwemazuva mana muIraq kubva musi wa16 kusvika 19 Zvita 1998 nemauto eUS neBritish. Chikonzero chikuru chekubhomba uku kwaive kutadza kweIraq kutevedzera kurudziro dzezvisungo zveUN uye kudzivirira kuongororwa neUN Special Commission (UNSCOM).

Kumwe kurwa kwekuita umo Royal Air Force Tornado yakatora chikamu chinoshanda yaive Operation Telek, mupiro weBritish kuOperation Iraqi Freedom muna 2003. Mabasa aya aisanganisira GR.1 Tornado isina kuvandudzwa uye GR.4 Tornado yakatokwidziridzwa kare. Iyo yekupedzisira yaive neyakasiyana-siyana yekurova chaiko vachipesana nezvinangwa zvepasi, kusanganisira kuendesa makomba eStorm Shadow. Kune yekupedzisira, yaive yekutanga kurwa. Munguva yeOperation Telic, imwe ndege yakarasika, yakapfurwa zvisizvo neAmerican Patriot anti-aircraft system.

Pakangopera Tornado GR.4 kushanda muIraq, muna 2009 vakatumirwa kuAfghanistan, uko varwi veHarrier attack "vakazorora". Pasati papera makore maviri gare gare, UK, ine Afghan Tornado ichiri muKandahar, yakatumira imwe Tornado muMediterranean. Pamwe chete nendege yeEurofighter Typhoon iri muItaly, Tornado GR.4 kubva kuRAF Marham yakatora chikamu muOperation Unified Protektor muLibhiya muna 2011.

Yakanga iri hurongwa hwekumanikidza nzvimbo yakagadzwa neUN-isina kubhururuka kumisa kurwiswa nemauto ehurumende yeLibya kune mauto anopikisa ane zvombo nechinangwa chekupidigura hudzvanyiriri hwaMuammar Gaddafi. Mamisheni eTornado akabhururuka 4800 km kubva pakusimuka kuenda kumhara, ndege dzekutanga dzehondo dzakabhururuka kubva muvhu reBritish kubva pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II. Kupinda kweBritish muOperation Unified Defender kwakanzi Ellamy |.

Kurasikirwa

Iyo P-08 prototype yakarasika panguva yekuyedzwa, vashandi vakavhiringidzika mumhute uye ndege yakadonha muIrish Sea pedyo neBlackpool. Pakazara, panguva yebasa remakore makumi mana muRAF, motokari makumi manomwe neshanu kubva pa40 dzakapinda basa dzakarasika. Chinenge 78 muzana chaiyo. Madutu anotengwa, paavhareji maviri pagore.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvikonzero zvetsaona zvaive zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutadza kushanda zvakanaka. Ndege 18 dzakarasika mukati mekubonderana kwemhepo, uye dzimwe nhatu dzeTornado dzakarasika apo vashandi vakatadza kudzora mota vachiedza kunzvenga kubonderana kwemhepo. Vanomwe vakarasika mukurohwa kweshiri uye vana vakapfurwa panguva yeOperation Desert Storm. Pamabhomba 142 eTornado GR.4 ari kushanda neRAF pakati pa1999 na2019, gumi nemaviri akarasika. Izvi zvinenge 8,5 muzana. zvikepe, avhareji imwe Tornado GR.4 mumakore maviri, asi hapana kana ndege imwe yakarasika mumakore mana apfuura ebasa.

magumo

RAF GR.4 Tornados yaigara ichikwidziridzwa uye kuvandudzwa, izvo zvakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kugona kwavo kurwa. Nekuda kweizvi, maTornadoes emazuva ano akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune akatanga kushanda muBritish Air Force. Ndege idzi dzakapinda maawa anopfuura miriyoni ekubhururuka uye dzaive dzekutanga kuregedzwa neRAF. Zvombo zvakanakisa zveTornado, makomba emhepo-kune-mhepo anotungamirwa uye Storm Shadow tactical cruise missile, zvino anotakura Typhoon FGR.4 ndege dzakawanda. The Typhoon FGR.4 uye F-35B Mheni ndege inotora mabasa eTornado fighter-bomber, ichishandisa makore makumi mana ehunyanzvi ruzivo rwakawanikwa nevashandi nevashandi vepasi vemichina iyi.

Two GR.4 Tornados ichangosimuka kuenda kune imwe ndege panguva yeFrisian Flag maekisesaizi muna 2017 kubva kuDutch base Leeuwarden. Aka kaive kekupedzisira British Tornado GR.4 kutora chikamu muRed Flag yepagore yakaenzana neAmerican exercise.

Chikamu chekupedzisira cheBritish kuve neTornado GR.4 iNo. IX(B) Squadron RAF Marham. Kubva muna 2020, chikwata ichi chichange chave neProtector RG.1 motokari dzemuchadenga dzisina munhu. MaGerman nemaItaly vachiri kushandisa Tornado fighter-bombers. Iwo anoshandiswawo neSaudi Arabia, iyo chete isiri yeEurope inogamuchira iyi mhando yemuchina. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvose zvakanaka zvinopera. Vamwe vashandisi veTornado vanorongawo kubvisa ndege dzerudzi urwu, izvo zvichaitika panosvika 2025. Ipapo "Tornado" inozopedzisira yadzika munhoroondo.